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Economy of Kyrgyzstan

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Economy of Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek
CurrencyKyrgyz som (KGS)
calendar year
Trade organisations
WTO, EAEU, OTS, CIS, ECO, SCO, CISFTA
Country group
Statistics
PopulationIncrease 7.2 million (2024)[3]
GDP
  • Increase $17.5 billion (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • Increase $19.9 billion (nominal, 2025 est.)[4]
  • Increase $63.5 billion (PPP, 2025 est.)[4]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 9% (2022) [5]
  • 9% (2023)[5]
  • 9% (2024)[5]
  • 8.5% (2025 est.)[5]
  • 8.6% (2026 est.)[5]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $2,424 (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • Increase $2,750 (nominal, 2025 est.)[4]
  • Increase $8,780 (PPP, 2025 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
Positive decrease 5% (2024)[5]
Population below poverty line
  • Positive decrease 29.8% below poverty line (2023)[6]
  • Positive decrease 4.4% on less than $3.65/day (2024)[7]
Positive decrease 26.4 low (2022)[8]
Decrease 25 out of 100 points (2024, 146th rank)[10]
Labour force
  • Increase 3.2 million (2024)[11]
  • Increase 67% employment rate (2024)[12]
Unemployment
Main industries
mining, hydropower, textiles, food processing, construction
External
ExportsIncrease $3.8 billion (2024)[13]
Export goods
gold, coal, copper ore, textiles, dried legumes, vehicles and auto parts, smartphones, household electrical appliances, refined petroleum, footwear
Main export partners
ImportsIncrease $12.5 billion (2024)[13]
Import goods
refined petroleum, textiles, foodstuffs, vehicles and auto parts, smartphones, household electrical appliances, iron and steel products
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Increase $873 million (2024)
Positive decrease 6% of GDP (2024)[13]
Positive decrease $4.5 billion (2024)[13]
Public finances
Positive decrease $6.6 billion (2024)[13]
Increase $5.1 billion (2024)[16]
Increase +2.8% of GDP (2024)[3]
RevenuesIncrease $6.2 billion (2024)[13]
ExpensesIncrease $5.7 billion (2024)[13]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Kyrgyzstan is primarily driven by trade, light manufacturing, mining, and agriculture. As a landlocked, lower-middle-income country in Central Asia, it possesses abundant natural resources and considerable potential in key sectors such as hydroelectric power, logistics, and tourism. Mining — particularly gold extraction — plays a central role in the Kyrgyz economy. The state-owned Kumtor mine is among the largest gold deposits in the region. Beyond gold, Kyrgyzstan is rich in critical raw materials[20] essential for modern technologies, including substantial reserves of antimony, a key mineral for the electronics and defense industries.

The services sector, especially trade and transportation, has expanded steadily, bolstered by deepening economic ties with China. Following the 2022 sanctions on Russia, several regional supply routes were redirected through Kyrgyzstan, providing a major boost to its economy.[21] The country sustained strong annual GDP growth of 9% in each of the years 2022, 2023, and 2024. These developments underscore Kyrgyzstan’s growing strategic importance in Central Asia and its emerging role in regional trade and infrastructure networks. The government has launched several major infrastructure projects, notably the Kambarata-1 Hydropower Plant and the China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan railway — a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative — both of which to transform the country’s economic landscape.[22]

Kyrgyzstan’s long-term growth is supported by favorable demographics: the population has grown by 2% annually over the past decade, reaching 7.3 million in 2025.[23] However, limited domestic employment opportunities continue to drive labor migration, primarily to Russia. On the bright side, the economy’s reliance on remittances — currently about 14.6% of GDP[24] — has declined sharply from a peak of 33%,[25] suggesting increasing internal economic resilience.

Macroeconomic trend

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan demonstrated strong macroeconomic performance between 2022 and 2024. The country maintained a fiscal surplus for two consecutive years, in 2023 and 2024, reflecting prudent public financial management and stronger-than-expected revenue collection. Higher budget revenues were driven by taxes and customs duties, which increased due to rising imports, higher gold prices, and improved tax administration. Government expenditures rose to 34% of GDP in 2024 (up from 33% in 2023), fueled by increased spending on healthcare, salaries, and pensions.[26]

In the first quarter of 2025, Kyrgyzstan reported a significant fiscal surplus of $528 million, driven by a 84% year-over-year increase in budget revenues. The surplus is expected to contribute to reducing public debt and financing infrastructure projects.[27]

In recent years, Kyrgyz economy has been affected by inflationary pressures stemming from global supply chain disruptions triggered by the Russia-Ukraine war. Nevertheless, inflation remained relatively contained, supported by a stable som and prudent monetary policy from the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic. It declined from 10.8% in 2023 to 5% in 2024, before edging up to 6.9% by February 2025. The National Bank has maintained the policy rate at 9% since May 2024.[28]

Banking sector capital adequacy and liquidity ratios remained strong at 22.3% and 78.8%, well above requirements.[26]

The currency strengthened by 2.3% against the US dollar in 2024, while the real effective exchange rate appreciated by 3.6%. Purchases of domestically mined gold and the conversion of nonmonetary gold on the National Bank's balance sheet to reserves increased gross reserves by a substantial 57.2% to $5.1 billion at the end of 2024, cover for 4.2 months of projected imports, up from 2.4 months in 2023.[29]

Public debt

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan’s total public debt stood at $6.6 billion as of 31 December 2024, representing 37.6% of GDP for the year, down from 42% in 2023. Total external public debt amounted to $4.5 billion, or 25% of GDP[30], funded primarily by official bilateral and multilateral creditors at concessional rates and with long maturities. This significantly limits the potential for nonresident capital flight in an adverse scenario, thereby mitigating external vulnerabilities.

Kyrgyzstan's largest external creditors are Export–Import Bank of China ($1.65 billion or 36% of gross external debt), Asian Development Bank (16%), World Bank (16%), the IMF (8%), the Eurasian Development Bank (6%). The average weighted interest rate on external public debt was 1.57% per annum.[31]

Foreign trade

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan’s trade landscape has evolved significantly in recent years, marked by substantial growth in exports and a notable shift in trade partnerships. In 2024, Kyrgyzstan’s total exports reached $3.8 billion, representing a 13% increase compared to 2023.[32] The nation’s principal exports include gold, coal, copper ores, clothing, electronics, and footwear. Gold remains Kyrgyzstan’s dominant export commodity, with the state-owned Kumtor Gold Mine serving as a key source of foreign exchange and budget revenue.

Kyrgyzstan’s key imports include refined petroleum, industrial machinery and equipment, vehicles and automotive parts, electronics, chemical products, textiles, and a broad range of foodstuffs. In 2024, total imports reached $12.5 billion, with a significant portion of these goods being re-exported.

Kyrgyzstan’s current account deficit in 2024 stood at 6% of GDP, a figure adjusted to account for actual re-exports within the EAEU that are not recorded in official export data.

Zhongda Oil Refinery in Kyrgyzstan

A significant development in Kyrgyzstan’s export profile is the surge in fuel exports to Afghanistan. In 2024, Kyrgyzstan exported over 40 million liters of refined petroleum to Afghanistan, a dramatic increase from the 384,000 liters exported in 2022. Beyond fuel, Kyrgyzstan’s exports to Afghanistan include a range of goods, such as agricultural products (like dried legumes and flour), construction materials (like cement and metal structures). In 2024, total exports to Afghanistan amounted to $50 million, underscoring the growing economic ties between the two nations.

Transit trade

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan historically occupied an important position on the Great Silk Road, the ancient trade route connecting China and the Mediterranean. Goods and caravans passed through the region, blending diverse cultures and traditions. In modern times, Kyrgyzstan became the first country in Central Asia to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), gaining membership in 1998. Since 2015 it has also been a member of Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This dual membership enables Kyrgyzstan to function as a strategic transit hub in Eurasian trade.[33] The country operates as a re-export platform[34], particularly for goods from China, Türkiye, South Korea and the UAE, which are imported at low WTO tariffs and re-exported to other EAEU countries — primarily Russia and Kazakhstan — without additional duties or customs controls.

This arrangement creates a form of tariff arbitrage, as Kyrgyzstan’s lower external tariff regime enables goods to enter the EAEU more cheaply than through other member states. The significance of this role has increased since 2022, as Western sanctions on Russia prompted a surge in parallel imports through Kyrgyz territory. This has generated robust economic growth and strong fiscal outcomes. Given that Kyrgyzstan, like Russia, is part of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) customs free zone, trade statistics do not fully capture its exports to other EAEU countries because there is no requirement for conventional customs declarations for goods crossing the border. This complicates the task of directly estimating re-exports through Kyrgyzstan.

From 2021-2024, the Kyrgyzstan's goods imports more than doubled, to $12.5 billion from $5.2 billion, almost entirely owing to imports of passenger cars, smartphones, household electrical appliances and other merchandise. By country, China accounts for almost 60% of this upswing, while European countries account for 8%. Most of these additional imports have limited links with the Kyrgyz economy and are in all likelihood re-exported to Russia, alongside other EAEU countries. The re-export model supports a range of domestic sectors, including logistics, warehousing, transportation, customs brokerage, and wholesale trade.

In August 2024, the Kyrgyz government established the Trading Company of the Kyrgyz Republic to monitor trade flows involving Kyrgyz companies whose goods do not physically enter the country. This strategic move is part of Kyrgyzstan’s broader efforts to regulate trade flows and financial transactions, especially in the context of increased scrutiny over re-export activities and compliance with international sanctions.

Industries

[edit]

Agriculture

[edit]
Main article: Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
Irrigated fields in the Chuy Valley

Agriculture remains a significant part of the economy, employing a large portion of the workforce and having represented 12.4%, 11.0% and 8.6% of GDP in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Key agricultural products include wool, milk, cotton, tobacco, and fruits.

Subsistence farming increased in the early 2000s. After sharp declines in the early 1990s, agricultural production by the early 2000s was approaching 1991 levels. Grain production in the lower valleys and livestock grazing on upland pastures constitute the largest share of the agricultural workforce. Farmers are shifting toward grain cultivation and away from cotton and tobacco. Other important products include dairy, poultry, hay, animal feed, potatoes, vegetables, and sugar beets.

Kyrgyzstan is now largely food self-sufficient, especially in dairy (110%), vegetables (96%), potatoes (94%), and meat (80%). Grain production (especially wheat and maize) is increasing to reduce import dependency, though ~12% of wheat is still imported.

Kyrgyzstan's major agricultural crop production in 2024:[35]

  • Wheat: 750,000 tons
  • Barley: 650,000 tons
  • Maize (corn): 770,000 tons
  • Rice: 50,000 tons
  • Potato: 1,200,000 tons
  • Sugar beet: 870,000 tons
  • Fruits and berries: 426,000 tons
  • Vegetables: 1,500,000 tons

Forestry

[edit]

Only 4% of Kyrgyzstan is classified as forested. All of that area is state-owned, and none is classified as available for wood supply. The main commercial product of the forests is walnuts.[36]

The Arslanbob walnut forest is the largest natural walnut forest in the world, located in the Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan, on the western slopes of the Fergana and Chatkal mountain ranges. Covering approximately 11,000 hectares of dense walnut groves, the broader forest zone, which includes other tree species, extends over 600,000 to 700,000 hectares. Each mature tree can yield 150 to 400 kilograms of walnuts annually. Kyrgyzstan is a major regional exporter of walnuts, with significant shipments to Russia, Iran, and Turkey. In some years, up to 25% of Russia’s walnut imports come from Kyrgyzstan.

Fishery

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan’s aquaculture industry has rebounded strongly since its collapse in 2003, growing from just 12 metric tons to over 20,000 tons by 2022. Total fish production reached 33,600 tons in 2023, with exports exceeding 5,500 tons, signaling expanding regional market opportunities. This growth is driven by investments in technology, sustainable farming of cold-water species, and the country’s rich freshwater resources. Kyrgyzstan is increasingly positioned as a key freshwater fish exporter in Central Asia, enhancing both its economy and food security.

Mining and minerals

[edit]

Mining continues to be a vital and growing sector in Kyrgyzstan’s economy. The Kumtor Gold Mine, one of the largest gold deposits globally, has been a major contributor since 1997. Promising new gold projects at Jerooy, Taldy–Bulak, and recent discoveries like Tokhtonysay highlight the country’s strong potential for expanding gold production.

Kyrgyzaltyn, the state-owned mining agency, manages all mines, often partnering with foreign investors to bring expertise and capital, supporting modernization and growth.

Although uranium and antimony production have declined since Soviet times, Kyrgyzstan’s extensive coal reserves—estimated at 2.5 billion tons—offer significant opportunities to boost domestic energy supply, with the Kara-Keche deposit poised to increase annual coal output substantially.

While oil and natural gas production remain limited, the country’s rich mineral base positions it well for tapping into critical raw materials essential for emerging technologies and the green energy transition. Exploration efforts targeting rare earth elements and industrial metals are gaining momentum, signaling promising prospects for future development.

Manufacturing

[edit]

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan’s manufacturing sector experienced a sharp decline due to disrupted supply chains and the loss of traditional markets. However, since the early 2020s, the sector has shown signs of recovery and structural transformation, remaining a key contributor to the economy by accounting for approximately 12.6% of GDP in both 2023 and 2024, slightly down from 13.6% in 2022.

Metallurgy is the main component of the manufacturing sector, particularly through gold production, which is a major export commodity. Metallurgy accounted for approximately 21% of the manufacturing sector in 2024. Production of food products (beverages) and tobacco, which is focused on processing agricultural products into consumer goods, accounted for approximately 19.4% of the manufacturing sector in 2024. Textile production, production of wearing apparel and footwear, leather and other leather goods, which is focused on garment manufacturing, accounted for approximately 4.5% of the manufacturing sector in 2024. Production of rubber and plastics items and other non-metallic mineral products, which comprises producing a variety of goods for domestic and regional markets, represented approximately 10.5% of the manufacturing sector in 2024. Production of refined petroleum products accounted for approximately 8.5% of the manufacturing sector in 2024.  

Renewed investment in mining, energy, and light manufacturing, supported by state programs like the 100 Industrial Enterprises initiative[37] has driven a revival in Kyrgyzstan’s manufacturing sector. Growth has been particularly strong in mining (especially gold and coal), electricity generation, small-scale hydropower, and light industries like textiles and food processing. Automotive assembly[38] and domestic production of construction materials[39] are also emerging as growth areas.

Construction

[edit]

The construction sector in Kyrgyzstan has been a significant contributor to the nation’s economy in recent years, demonstrating consistent growth and playing a pivotal role in overall economic development. The construction sector’s growth has been driven by both public and private investments in infrastructure projects, residential housing, and commercial developments. Government initiatives aimed at improving transportation networks, energy infrastructure, and urban development have significantly strengthened the sector. The construction sector provides jobs to a substantial portion of the workforce. Its expansion has had a multiplier effect on related industries, including manufacturing, services, and real estate, thereby contributing to broader economic growth.

Construction accounted for 9.3%, 7.3%, 7.1%, 7.3% and 8.3% of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP in 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. In 2024, the sector grew by 39.7% in real terms compared to 2023, driven by an increase in construction and reconstruction of facilities in mining, provision (supply) of electricity, gas, steam, water supply and treatment, waste treatment, hotels and restaurants.

Housing construction has also seen significant expansion, driven by population growth, urbanization, and remittance-fueled demand. Rising domestic production of construction materials and increased private investment have contributed to this boom[40], turning housing construction into one of the key engines of non-extractive economic activity.

Energy

[edit]
See also: Energy in Kyrgyzstan and List of power stations in Kyrgyzstan

Over 90% of Kyrgyzstan's electricity generation relies on hydropower, primarily from large cascade plants on the Naryn River. However, the country has historically exploited less than 15% of its estimated hydroelectric potential of approximately 140 TWh annually.[41] As of 2024, hydropower accounted for around 90% of all electricity production, with small hydroelectric plants contributing approximately 400 GWh alongside 12.8 billion kWh from large hydro facilities.[42]

Kyrgyzstan has limited domestic fossil fuel reserves and heavily depends on natural gas imports from Uzbekistan.[43] Thermal (coal- and gas-fired) plants supplied 1.8 billion kWh in 2024, while hydropower produced 12.77 billion kWh; the country imported 3.6 billion kWh to meet rising demand of 18.3 billion kWh.[44]

Energy losses remain high: in peak seasons, up to 45% of electricity may be lost or diverted illegally.[45] Per capita consumption remains elevated relative to income levels, and while demand is high, a comprehensive national strategy for demand reduction is not yet in place.[46]

The country's infrastructure is aging: the national grid includes over 45,000 km of transmission lines, largely built during Soviet-era expansion, along with approximately 3 GW of installed generation capacity, 80% of which is hydropower.[47]

Kyrgyzstan is actively expanding both large and small hydropower projects. The proposed Kambar-Ata-1 project — a 1,860 MW dam on the Naryn River— has received roadmap support from Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan and secured at least US $18.6 million in World Bank development funding by mid-2024.[48] When operational (expected by 2028), it is projected to generate 5.6 billion kWh annually, enabling year-round domestic supply, seasonal export capacity, and support for the CASA-1000 transmission corridor.[49]

Small hydropower capacity is also scaling up: private plants are expected to reach 400–500 MW by 2027–2028, adding roughly 600 million kWh annually.[50] The country is also beginning to diversify its energy mix with solar and wind: a 200 MW solar plant near Tokmok is expected by 2025, and additional solar (400 MW) and wind (100 MW) projects are in development as of 2024.[51]

Hydropower remains the backbone of Kyrgyzstan's energy sector, with ongoing diversification and modernization efforts aimed at reducing energy losses, enhancing self-sufficiency, and boosting exports to neighboring countries.

Services

[edit]
Glamping in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan’s tourism sector, centred on the scenic Issyk-Kul Lake and mountain trekking, has seen impressive growth over the past two decades. From attracting around 450,000 tourists annually in the early 2000s, the country welcomed over 8.6 million visitors in 2024. This rapid growth has boosted tourism service exports to nearly $480 million in the first half of 2024 alone. Visitors primarily come from neighboring Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia, but there is a growing number of tourists from China, South Korea, Türkiye, and Europe. Despite earlier challenges related to limited investment, the sector is benefiting from improved infrastructure, easier visa regulations, and targeted government promotion.

The financial sector in Kyrgyzstan plays a critical role in supporting economic diversification. Banks and microfinance institutions provide much-needed credit and financial services to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and rural entrepreneurs. Microfinance, in particular, has expanded rapidly, increasing financial inclusion and empowering grassroots economic activity.

Poverty

[edit]

In 2024, the poverty rate at the $3.65-per-day threshold fell to 4.4%, down from 7.1% in 2023, supported by lower inflation and robust economic growth. However, rising urban poverty is a concern: by 2022/23, urban poverty levels had surpassed those in rural areas. According to the L2KGZ survey, 50% of respondents identified jobs as the top economic challenge, while real household incomes stagnated in the latter half of 2024.

United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) reports that approximately 30% of Kyrgyzstan’s population lives in poverty, with an additional 10% at risk of falling below the poverty line. The WFP highlights vulnerability to both internal and external shocks, including high dependence on food imports, reduced remittances due to changing labor migration policies; particularly in Russia; and climate-related challenges such as drought and glacier melt. Food prices remain around 50% higher than pre-pandemic levels, leaving 36% of the population unable to afford a nutritious diet, while 72% of households resort to coping mechanisms to cover basic needs.[52]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b "World Bank Kyrgyz Republic Overview". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "World Economic Outlook (April 2025)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Economic forecasts for the Kyrgyz Republic". adb.org. Asian Development Bank. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  6. ^ "National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic".
  7. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at $3.65 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Kyrgyz Republic" (PDF).
  8. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Kyrgyzstan". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  10. ^ Transparency.org. Transparency International https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/kyrgyzstan. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ "Labor force Kyrgyz Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank & ILO. Retrieved 9 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "KYRGYZ REPUBLIC" (PDF).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h "Kyrgyzstan Assigned 'B+' Sovereign Ratings; Outlook Stable". Retrieved 9 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Export partners of Kyrgyzstan". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 9 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Import partners of Kyrgyzstan". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 9 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ "По итогам 2024 года международные резервы Кыргызстана превысили $5 млрд". Economist.kg.
  17. ^ "Kyrgyzstan Assigned 'B+' Sovereign Rating Outlook Stable". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 10 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "Fitch Publishes Kyrgyzstan 'B' IDR; Outlook Stable". Fitch Ratings. Retrieved 10 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ "Government of Kyrgyz Republic – B3 stable: Regular Update". Moody's. Retrieved 10 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ "Ore minerals". Kyrgyzstan Geoportal. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  21. ^ "Kyrgyz leader Japarov gets parliament to reset election date". Reuters. 16 April 2025.
  22. ^ "Kyrgyzstan Infrastructure Megaprojects". Ministry of Economy of Kyrgyzstan. 1 December 2024.
  23. ^ "Population of Kyrgyzstan exceeds 7.3 million people". AzerNews. 26 May 2025.
  24. ^ "Нацбанк КР: За 2024 год чистый приток денежных переводов физлиц составил 2,5 млрд долларов США". K-News (in Russian). 4 March 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  25. ^ "Personal remittances, received (% of GDP) - Kyrgyz Republic". World Bank.
  26. ^ a b "Macro Poverty Outlook". World Bank. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  27. ^ "Kyrgyzstan's budget surplus grew almost eightfold on Akchabar". Akchabar. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  28. ^ "Monetary Policy Update" (Press release). National Bank of Kyrgyzstan. 1 March 2025.
  29. ^ "Asian Development Outlook April 2025". Asian Development Bank. 9 April 2025. ISBN 978-92-9277-275-8.
  30. ^ "Госдолг КР вырос на $289 млн и составил $6.56 млрд, но его доля к ВВП снизилась". Economist (in Russian). 28 February 2025. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  31. ^ "External Debt Composition of Kyrgyzstan". National Bank of Kyrgyzstan. 1 March 2025.
  32. ^ "Kyrgyzstan's external trade turnover in 2024 amounts to $16 bln". en.kabar.kg. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  33. ^ "Eurasian Economic Union policies and practice in Kyrgyzstan | SIPRI". www.sipri.org. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
  34. ^ "Kyrgyzstan's re-export model: A blessing and a curse". capsunlock. 15 April 2025. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
  35. ^ "Итоги сбора урожая сельскохозяйственных культур в 2024 году - Статистика Кыргызстана". stat.gov.kg. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  36. ^ Kyrgyzstan country profile Archived 2005-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  38. ^ "Tulpar Motors plant in Bishkek produced more than 1,300 vehicles". 24.kg (in Russian). 31 May 2025. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
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  40. ^ "Kyrgyzstan's construction industry recorded record investment growth on Akchabar". Akchabar. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  41. ^ Ministry of Energy of Kyrgyz Republic, 2024
  42. ^ Kyrgyz National Statistical Committee, 2025
  43. ^ 24.kg news agency, 2024
  44. ^ Ministry of Energy Annual Report, 2025
  45. ^ Eurasianet, 2023
  46. ^ Asian Development Bank report on Kyrgyz Energy Sector, 2023
  47. ^ International Energy Agency Kyrgyzstan Overview, 2024
  48. ^ World Bank, 2024
  49. ^ CASA-1000 Official Site
  50. ^ Kabar News Agency, 2024
  51. ^ AKIpress, 2024
  52. ^ "Poverty rate at risk of rising in Kyrgyzstan, despite economic growth – UN agency | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
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