Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth in Cambodia: A Latent Class Analysis
- PMID: 35471130
- PMCID: PMC10263171
- DOI: 10.1177/08862605221090573
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth in Cambodia: A Latent Class Analysis
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health problem, including in low- and middle-income country settings, and are associated with increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) during young adulthood. However, current measurement of ACEs may underestimate sequelae of different combinations, or classes, of ACEs and mask class-specific associations with adult exposure to IPV. We used data among ever-partnered young women and men aged 18-24 years from the Cambodia Violence Against Children Survey (Nw = 369; Nm = 298). Participants retrospectively reported on seven ACEs and lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV victimization and perpetration. Latent classes comprised of ACEs were used as predictors of physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration and victimization, controlling for household wealth. Identified latent classes for women were "Low ACEs" (60%), "Community Violence and Physical Abuse" (23%), and "Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse" (17%). Latent classes for men were "Low ACEs" (48%) and "Household and Community Violence" (52%). Among women, those in the Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse class were more likely to experience and perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV in their romantic relationships compared to the reference group (Low ACEs). Women in the Community Violence and Physical Abuse class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV, but not experience IPV, compared to women in the Low ACEs class. Among men, those in the Household and Community Violence class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV against a partner, compared to men in the Low ACEs class. Overall, patterns of ACEs were differently associated with IPV outcomes among young women and men in Cambodia. National violence prevention efforts might consider how different combinations of childhood experiences shape risk of young adulthood IPV and tailor interventions accordingly to work with youth disproportionately affected by varied combinations of ACEs.
Keywords: Cambodia; adverse childhood experiences; distal outcome; intimate partner violence; latent class analysis; violence against children.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Figures




Similar articles
-
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), excessive alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among Black men: A latent class analysis.Child Abuse Negl. 2021 Nov;121:105273. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105273. Epub 2021 Aug 19. Child Abuse Negl. 2021. PMID: 34419899
-
Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and subsequent risk of interpersonal violence perpetration among men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Jan;99:104256. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104256. Epub 2019 Dec 11. Child Abuse Negl. 2020. PMID: 31835233 Free PMC article.
-
Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among Sri Lankan Men.PLoS One. 2015 Aug 21;10(8):e0136321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136321. eCollection 2015. PLoS One. 2015. PMID: 26295577 Free PMC article.
-
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Alcohol Use in Adulthood, and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Perpetration by Black Men: A Systematic Review.Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022 Apr;23(2):372-389. doi: 10.1177/1524838020953101. Epub 2020 Sep 2. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022. PMID: 32873225
-
Risk Markers for Victimization and Perpetration of Male-to-Female Physical Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis.Trauma Violence Abuse. 2023 Dec;24(5):3433-3444. doi: 10.1177/15248380221129589. Epub 2022 Nov 14. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2023. PMID: 36373646 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Adverse childhood experiences and subsequent experiences of intimate partner violence in adulthood: a gender perspective.Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2024 Dec 10;33:e75. doi: 10.1017/S2045796024000775. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2024. PMID: 39655714 Free PMC article.
-
Reconsidering the Unwanted Sexual Touching of Boys by Adults: An Ethnographic Study in Rural Cambodia.J Interpers Violence. 2023 Jul;38(13-14):8235-8262. doi: 10.1177/08862605231153894. Epub 2023 Feb 20. J Interpers Violence. 2023. PMID: 36803047 Free PMC article.
-
Adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence in adulthood among transgender women: exploring the chain mediating role of self-esteem and LGBT minority stress.Ann Med. 2025 Dec;57(1):2464936. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2464936. Epub 2025 Feb 12. Ann Med. 2025. PMID: 39943711 Free PMC article.
-
Cross-time comparison of adverse childhood experience patterns among Kenyan youth: Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, 2010 and 2019.Child Abuse Negl. 2023 Jul;141:106153. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106153. Epub 2023 Apr 28. Child Abuse Negl. 2023. PMID: 37120969 Free PMC article.
-
"The Mole on His Penis Lassos Her:" Cultural Understandings of Coercive Control and Emotional Abuse of Women in Cambodia.Violence Against Women. 2024 Oct;30(12-13):3320-3349. doi: 10.1177/10778012231174349. Epub 2023 Jun 12. Violence Against Women. 2024. PMID: 37306224 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Asparouhov T, & Muthén BO (2021). Auxiliary Variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to Estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model s.
-
- Bandura A (1979). The social learning perspective: Mechanisms of aggression. In Toch H (Ed.), Psychology of crime and criminal justice (pp. 198–236). Waveland Press.
-
- Basile KC, DeGue S, Jones K, Freire K, Dills J, Smith SG, & Raiford JL (2016). STOP SV: A Technical package to prevent sexual violence.
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical