The Language of Iloilo
Description : Comprehensively , Hiligaynon is the language of Iloilo . It belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian language. Most of its words share or with variant counterparts by various Islands and Islets of Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Polynesia and indigenous tribes of Taiwan.
( Photo : Dictionary of the Bisayan Language , Hiligaynon and Haraya of the Panay Island composed of Father Alonso de Mentrida 1637)
Introduction
Every language is characterized by variation within the speech community that uses it. These divergent varieties are often referred to as dialects. Dialect are not always easily nor best treated as discrete, identifiable, and countable units with clearly defined boundaries between them . Dialect is a dynamic ( changes happens depending on the factors) and variable and undergo constant change . Variational tendencies is more often comprised of continua of features that extend across time, geography, and social
space . may be distinct enough to be considered separate languages or sufficiently similar to be considered merely characteristic of a particular geographic region or social grouping within the speech community.
Language is reflection of culture , commnity have adopted certain words that enable them to communicate with each other as a group . It was noted that Ilongo rich vocabolary reflects its sophisticated civilization . Spanish were amazed that in Iloilo they have words about name of number , color , months and days . They have also named the heavenly object .
( Photo : Dictionary of the Bisayan Language , Hiligaynon and Haraya of the Panay Island composed of Father Alonso de Mentrida 1637)
Introduction
Every language is characterized by variation within the speech community that uses it. These divergent varieties are often referred to as dialects. Dialect are not always easily nor best treated as discrete, identifiable, and countable units with clearly defined boundaries between them . Dialect is a dynamic ( changes happens depending on the factors) and variable and undergo constant change . Variational tendencies is more often comprised of continua of features that extend across time, geography, and social
space . may be distinct enough to be considered separate languages or sufficiently similar to be considered merely characteristic of a particular geographic region or social grouping within the speech community.
Language is reflection of culture , commnity have adopted certain words that enable them to communicate with each other as a group . It was noted that Ilongo rich vocabolary reflects its sophisticated civilization . Spanish were amazed that in Iloilo they have words about name of number , color , months and days . They have also named the heavenly object .
Evolution of Ilongo Language
Ilongo Language geographical variations are categorized into areas who share
identical vocabulary, intonations, accents and phonetics as distinct from one
another, oftentimes unintelligible to each other in some respect. And
astonishingly, the distinction had survived and preserved by the respective
speakers through the test of time. There are two major keyplayers , the
assimilation of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a
I am proposing that migration of ancient seafaring malayan people does not come from a single origin nor from single event . It came from diverse linguistic background from Island of Sumatra , Indonesia and Borneo in a period of time . The assimilation was gradual and communities with similar ancestry have retained their phonological distinction and unique words not shared by other settlers
within Iloilo.As result , the Language within Iloilo terretorial geography is diverse .
2 Major Family Groups of Language that settled in Iloilo
1. Hiligaynon - The settlers origin came from Sulawesi and sorrounding islets . Once in Iloilo , the language split into 3 phonologic sub-family.
2. Kinaray-a - The settlers came primarily from Borneo , in Kalimantan area and others from Sumatra . Through merging and divering , It split into 4 phonologic sub-family ( based on their sound and diction) .
"In the mountain region of Ogtong a very harsh language is spoken, which they call Halaya and along
the coast another, more polished and elegant, which is called Hileygueina"
( Fray Juan de Medina , Ecclesiastical Affairs , 1630-1640)
identical vocabulary, intonations, accents and phonetics as distinct from one
another, oftentimes unintelligible to each other in some respect. And
astonishingly, the distinction had survived and preserved by the respective
speakers through the test of time. There are two major keyplayers , the
assimilation of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a
I am proposing that migration of ancient seafaring malayan people does not come from a single origin nor from single event . It came from diverse linguistic background from Island of Sumatra , Indonesia and Borneo in a period of time . The assimilation was gradual and communities with similar ancestry have retained their phonological distinction and unique words not shared by other settlers
within Iloilo.As result , the Language within Iloilo terretorial geography is diverse .
2 Major Family Groups of Language that settled in Iloilo
1. Hiligaynon - The settlers origin came from Sulawesi and sorrounding islets . Once in Iloilo , the language split into 3 phonologic sub-family.
2. Kinaray-a - The settlers came primarily from Borneo , in Kalimantan area and others from Sumatra . Through merging and divering , It split into 4 phonologic sub-family ( based on their sound and diction) .
"In the mountain region of Ogtong a very harsh language is spoken, which they call Halaya and along
the coast another, more polished and elegant, which is called Hileygueina"
( Fray Juan de Medina , Ecclesiastical Affairs , 1630-1640)
A. Kinaray A- First Migration, Linguistic expansions in Salog River and its diverse variation.
History
Malay families navigated the strait , nearing the coast near the island of Guimaras . They called the place as Yrong-irong because the shape of the mouth Batiano river . They speak western Kinaray-a.They were among the first to make settlement . It was enclosed by three big River , Batiano river , Salog in North and Dungon in the south . They concentrated in hunting , farming , rice cultivation and crops. A hundred years was elapses that every families have already three generation . As population grows , they spread eventually following the Salog River in western hinterlands of ancient villages which is now Pavia , San Miguel , Catmon (Santa Barbara ) . The people of Catmon (Santa Barbara) was dispersed further . They established hamlets in Cabatuan , Himanban ( Lucena) , Zaraga and Pototan. Then people of Cabatuan spread to Maasin westerward. People of Himanban travelled to Mina and Janiuay. Northward , they established Lambunao , Calinog and Bingawan.
Note: They were the first settlers who visit Irong-irong because of the extensive dispersal of their language penetrating inward as far sa 70 KM Calinog .That extent of expansion should take a longer period of time and centuries of population growth. It's very unlikely they are the secondary settlers because the extent of their penetration along the Salog River. If they arrived late , then Hiligaynon should have penetrated the hinterlands. If their point of entry was Jalaud River , they should have left thier residual linguistic feature there and have expanded through Jalaud River retaining their original intonation.
Kinaray-a speaking people 15 KM to Zarraga , 15 KM Tigbauan , 15 KM Santa Barbara 10 KM Pavia. These speakers who move around every day in the City . It is called by Spanish as Harayan . Jesuit Friar , Padre Pedro Chirino in his book “ Relaciones De Las islas Filipinas”. The book is kept and archived by Eugenio Lopez Sr. , from Jaro , Iloilo in Lopez Museum. Spanish Priest recalled.
"In January of the year 1592 , one of us two who were employed at Taitai had to depart for the island of Panai to give instruction and continue the work of conversion in the encomienda of Tigbauan. Nevertheless we preached the faith throughout that vicinity in the Haraya language, and even translated into the same tongue and taught the Christian doctrine and the catechism, which formerly they knew only in the Bisaya " ( Relaciones De Las islas Filipinas)
Salient feature
A. Pronounciation Kinaray a pronounciation of " u " . It sound halfway of " e and o " like in "earn" . Most
Indonesian Island pronounced the same way. Brunei and Malaysia counterpart of vowel is " e" while Sabah in Borneo is "a".
Example:
Kinaray-a Hiligaynon Tagalog
tanum tanum tanim
anum anum anim
kaun kaun kain
B. Kinaray-a has R versus L of Hiligaynon sharing tagalog
Kinaray-a Hiligaynon English
Dara dala( tagalog) to bring ( verb)
Pira pila how much ( verb)
Turok ulok to look (verb)
Bari bali ( tagalog) to break ( verb)
Ngaran ngalan name ( noun)
Magurang magulang elderbrother/sister
rapit lapit(tagalog) ) near
C. Few tagalog share with Tagalog The word maybe original to their language
Kinaray-a English Hiligaynon
diyan there dira
niyog Cocunot lubi
lupa ground/lot duta
tubig water tubi
ikaw you ka
ubus consume eating urot
Compare the similarity of Karay-a with Tagalog
Karay-a ----------------------------- diyan sa lupa ang niyog
Tagalog------------------------------diyan sa lupa ang niyog ( 100% similarity with Kinaray-a)
Ilongo--------------------------------dira sa duta ang lubi (50% similarity with Kinaray-a
D. Karay-a used the Spanish words while Hiligaynon Obsolete words
English Hiligaynon Kinaray-a
Friend abyan amigo
Place doug lugar
Knife sundang kutsilyo
Damaged guba fallar or fallado , quiebra
Time takna horas
Song ambahanon Canta/Sonata
School butho escuela
Door ganhaan puerta
1. Western Kinaya-a : spoken in parts of Pavia such as Balabag , Pandak and Barangays close to Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , Zaraga , Cabatuan , Maasin , New Lucena , Mina, Janiuay and Badiangan. They are the pioneering Austronesian-speaking immigrants who came from Sumatra and Kalimantan , Borneo (?) . It came from the word “Iraya”meaning upstream or away from the sea. It is very rich in verbs and adjectives. It retained many Spanish words and phrases.
Their unique words not shared by other Kinaray a sub-family , yet shared by central
English : to cook
Western Kinaray-a : daha
Leon-Alimodian Kinaray-a : laha
Southern Kinaray-a: raha
1.1 subgroup Lambunao-Calinog-Bingawan Kinaray-a : If youre new to Iloilo , it's hard to differentiate about the contrast of accent between this group and western kinaray a. The difference is very minute . The pronounciation is harder. Lambunao and Calinog area are slightly influenced by Dueñas and Passi intonation which belongs to Central-Kinaray-a due to the two river that connect the two towns.
2. Central Kinaray a : spoken in Pototan , Barotac Nuevo , Dingle , Dueñas , Passi , Anilao and San Enrique . It has its own distinct accent . Their unique words not shared by other Kinaray a sub-family are - siki ( feet ) . They are fond of adding " ha" to last part of sentence and add " ya" in their first sentence .
They share the same words in Western Kinaray a like giya ( here) and dulang. Only they pronounced the latter with Hiligaynon phonetics . Although the enumerated towns have the share a set of similar words, thier tone have some very ine distinction. Pototan and Barotac Nuevo often tend to be aggresive in speaking
while Passi City is more slow and sweet .
Distinctive Feature
A. Their pronounciation of vowels O and U
Central Iloilo- is similar to how the Spanish pronouced the word -- POLO ( lips are narrowed)
Western Iloilo- is similar to Malaysian pronounciation of --- PERGI---as Phoooergi-- like how English
pronounciation of---- EARN----( lips are widened to attain the sound)
Central-Iloilo Western-Iloilo
Example : boul ( to get ) BOOL Bho-uhl ( lips are widened to attain the sound)
kaun ( to eat) KAON ka-uhn (lips are widened to attain the sound)
dulang ( no longer)DOLANG dho-lang (lips are widened to attainhe sound)
B. Compare the demonstrative
English : what is that ?
Central : anu day-a , anu daya or anu da ?
Western/Southern : anu di-a , anu ra ?
Hiligaynon: Anu ina?
C. Strees on first sylable
English : I no longer go/walk
Central: waay dulang Ta-kun ka panaw
Western : Waay dulang ta-kun ka panaw
Ilongo : wala nalang ako ka lakat
English : We are not yet finished
Central: ya waay pa Ta-mun ka tapos
Western: waay pa ta-mun ka tapos
Ilongo: wala pa kami ka tapos
D. Dun
English: There's no more , you finish doing it.
Central: waay dun , taposa dun day-a
Western/Southern: waay dun (run ), taposa dun(run) dia (ra )
Ilongo : wala na , taposa na ina
2.1 sub-family Barotac Nuevo and Anilao Kinaray a : Accent is hafway between Northen Hiligaynon of Dumangas and Central Kinaray-a . The dialect phonetics is the most harsh . Northern barangays tend to have dominant Central-Kinaray-a phonetics and shared similar words while Southern closer to Dumangas is heavily influenced by Dumangas . Under this family , it streched into town of Anilao and it ends there . The next town is Banate , belongs to Northern Hiligaynon.
3. Tigbaun Kinaray-a : Spoken in Tigbaun alone , with similar accent to Oton , Ilongo.
3.1 subgroup Leon-Alimodian Kinaray a :Have distinct accent .Their unique words not shared by other Kinaray a sub-family are - didya (here), laha ( to cook)
4. Southern Kinaray - a: San Joaquin Miagao , Igbaras , Tubungan . Their unique words are raha ( to cook).
Distinct Feature Raha - to cook
4.1. subgroup Guimbal Kinaray-a - spoken in Guimbal , despite the speakers tend to speak hard , the tone is melodious and sweet because it prolonged the cluster of words in speaking seperating them from Southern Kinaray-a.
Malay families navigated the strait , nearing the coast near the island of Guimaras . They called the place as Yrong-irong because the shape of the mouth Batiano river . They speak western Kinaray-a.They were among the first to make settlement . It was enclosed by three big River , Batiano river , Salog in North and Dungon in the south . They concentrated in hunting , farming , rice cultivation and crops. A hundred years was elapses that every families have already three generation . As population grows , they spread eventually following the Salog River in western hinterlands of ancient villages which is now Pavia , San Miguel , Catmon (Santa Barbara ) . The people of Catmon (Santa Barbara) was dispersed further . They established hamlets in Cabatuan , Himanban ( Lucena) , Zaraga and Pototan. Then people of Cabatuan spread to Maasin westerward. People of Himanban travelled to Mina and Janiuay. Northward , they established Lambunao , Calinog and Bingawan.
Note: They were the first settlers who visit Irong-irong because of the extensive dispersal of their language penetrating inward as far sa 70 KM Calinog .That extent of expansion should take a longer period of time and centuries of population growth. It's very unlikely they are the secondary settlers because the extent of their penetration along the Salog River. If they arrived late , then Hiligaynon should have penetrated the hinterlands. If their point of entry was Jalaud River , they should have left thier residual linguistic feature there and have expanded through Jalaud River retaining their original intonation.
Kinaray-a speaking people 15 KM to Zarraga , 15 KM Tigbauan , 15 KM Santa Barbara 10 KM Pavia. These speakers who move around every day in the City . It is called by Spanish as Harayan . Jesuit Friar , Padre Pedro Chirino in his book “ Relaciones De Las islas Filipinas”. The book is kept and archived by Eugenio Lopez Sr. , from Jaro , Iloilo in Lopez Museum. Spanish Priest recalled.
"In January of the year 1592 , one of us two who were employed at Taitai had to depart for the island of Panai to give instruction and continue the work of conversion in the encomienda of Tigbauan. Nevertheless we preached the faith throughout that vicinity in the Haraya language, and even translated into the same tongue and taught the Christian doctrine and the catechism, which formerly they knew only in the Bisaya " ( Relaciones De Las islas Filipinas)
Salient feature
A. Pronounciation Kinaray a pronounciation of " u " . It sound halfway of " e and o " like in "earn" . Most
Indonesian Island pronounced the same way. Brunei and Malaysia counterpart of vowel is " e" while Sabah in Borneo is "a".
Example:
Kinaray-a Hiligaynon Tagalog
tanum tanum tanim
anum anum anim
kaun kaun kain
B. Kinaray-a has R versus L of Hiligaynon sharing tagalog
Kinaray-a Hiligaynon English
Dara dala( tagalog) to bring ( verb)
Pira pila how much ( verb)
Turok ulok to look (verb)
Bari bali ( tagalog) to break ( verb)
Ngaran ngalan name ( noun)
Magurang magulang elderbrother/sister
rapit lapit(tagalog) ) near
C. Few tagalog share with Tagalog The word maybe original to their language
Kinaray-a English Hiligaynon
diyan there dira
niyog Cocunot lubi
lupa ground/lot duta
tubig water tubi
ikaw you ka
ubus consume eating urot
Compare the similarity of Karay-a with Tagalog
Karay-a ----------------------------- diyan sa lupa ang niyog
Tagalog------------------------------diyan sa lupa ang niyog ( 100% similarity with Kinaray-a)
Ilongo--------------------------------dira sa duta ang lubi (50% similarity with Kinaray-a
D. Karay-a used the Spanish words while Hiligaynon Obsolete words
English Hiligaynon Kinaray-a
Friend abyan amigo
Place doug lugar
Knife sundang kutsilyo
Damaged guba fallar or fallado , quiebra
Time takna horas
Song ambahanon Canta/Sonata
School butho escuela
Door ganhaan puerta
1. Western Kinaya-a : spoken in parts of Pavia such as Balabag , Pandak and Barangays close to Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , Zaraga , Cabatuan , Maasin , New Lucena , Mina, Janiuay and Badiangan. They are the pioneering Austronesian-speaking immigrants who came from Sumatra and Kalimantan , Borneo (?) . It came from the word “Iraya”meaning upstream or away from the sea. It is very rich in verbs and adjectives. It retained many Spanish words and phrases.
Their unique words not shared by other Kinaray a sub-family , yet shared by central
English : to cook
Western Kinaray-a : daha
Leon-Alimodian Kinaray-a : laha
Southern Kinaray-a: raha
1.1 subgroup Lambunao-Calinog-Bingawan Kinaray-a : If youre new to Iloilo , it's hard to differentiate about the contrast of accent between this group and western kinaray a. The difference is very minute . The pronounciation is harder. Lambunao and Calinog area are slightly influenced by Dueñas and Passi intonation which belongs to Central-Kinaray-a due to the two river that connect the two towns.
2. Central Kinaray a : spoken in Pototan , Barotac Nuevo , Dingle , Dueñas , Passi , Anilao and San Enrique . It has its own distinct accent . Their unique words not shared by other Kinaray a sub-family are - siki ( feet ) . They are fond of adding " ha" to last part of sentence and add " ya" in their first sentence .
They share the same words in Western Kinaray a like giya ( here) and dulang. Only they pronounced the latter with Hiligaynon phonetics . Although the enumerated towns have the share a set of similar words, thier tone have some very ine distinction. Pototan and Barotac Nuevo often tend to be aggresive in speaking
while Passi City is more slow and sweet .
Distinctive Feature
A. Their pronounciation of vowels O and U
Central Iloilo- is similar to how the Spanish pronouced the word -- POLO ( lips are narrowed)
Western Iloilo- is similar to Malaysian pronounciation of --- PERGI---as Phoooergi-- like how English
pronounciation of---- EARN----( lips are widened to attain the sound)
Central-Iloilo Western-Iloilo
Example : boul ( to get ) BOOL Bho-uhl ( lips are widened to attain the sound)
kaun ( to eat) KAON ka-uhn (lips are widened to attain the sound)
dulang ( no longer)DOLANG dho-lang (lips are widened to attainhe sound)
B. Compare the demonstrative
English : what is that ?
Central : anu day-a , anu daya or anu da ?
Western/Southern : anu di-a , anu ra ?
Hiligaynon: Anu ina?
C. Strees on first sylable
English : I no longer go/walk
Central: waay dulang Ta-kun ka panaw
Western : Waay dulang ta-kun ka panaw
Ilongo : wala nalang ako ka lakat
English : We are not yet finished
Central: ya waay pa Ta-mun ka tapos
Western: waay pa ta-mun ka tapos
Ilongo: wala pa kami ka tapos
D. Dun
English: There's no more , you finish doing it.
Central: waay dun , taposa dun day-a
Western/Southern: waay dun (run ), taposa dun(run) dia (ra )
Ilongo : wala na , taposa na ina
2.1 sub-family Barotac Nuevo and Anilao Kinaray a : Accent is hafway between Northen Hiligaynon of Dumangas and Central Kinaray-a . The dialect phonetics is the most harsh . Northern barangays tend to have dominant Central-Kinaray-a phonetics and shared similar words while Southern closer to Dumangas is heavily influenced by Dumangas . Under this family , it streched into town of Anilao and it ends there . The next town is Banate , belongs to Northern Hiligaynon.
3. Tigbaun Kinaray-a : Spoken in Tigbaun alone , with similar accent to Oton , Ilongo.
3.1 subgroup Leon-Alimodian Kinaray a :Have distinct accent .Their unique words not shared by other Kinaray a sub-family are - didya (here), laha ( to cook)
4. Southern Kinaray - a: San Joaquin Miagao , Igbaras , Tubungan . Their unique words are raha ( to cook).
Distinct Feature Raha - to cook
4.1. subgroup Guimbal Kinaray-a - spoken in Guimbal , despite the speakers tend to speak hard , the tone is melodious and sweet because it prolonged the cluster of words in speaking seperating them from Southern Kinaray-a.
B. Hiligaynon Language- Second migration
History of Hiligaynon in Iloilo
Mass migration took place by large number of families who speak Hiligaynon language settled in most northern part of Iloilo . Estancia was
settled , people moved to Batad, Balasan and Carles. The Ajuy was settled ,
communities spread to inhabit the present Conception and lakdayan ( San Dionesio area) . In time , communities of Ajuy spread upland to populate hamlets of Sara . Families of Sara spread to Lemery . Other families inhabited the coast of Bobog ( Banate-Viejo ) which subsequently traversed into the mountain now San Rafael. Some families founded near the river Jalaud, meaning near the sea. Others moved further southward and settled in Irong-irong and others finally stopped at Ogtong. These indipendent coastal setlements were devoted to fishing.
Note : The failure of Hiligaynon demographic dispersion in Southern Western and Central part of Iloilo suggest a strong proof they arrived only later. Their closest ancestry is Cebuano Language due to close affinity with their vocabolary and distinct phonetical sound of "u" such as inum. Thus, seperating them from western communities of Iloilo who pronounced " u" like English pronounced " earn"
Regional Variation of Ilongo or Hiligaynon
1. Northern Hiligaynon/Ilongo : A language spoken by towns from Dumangas , Banate , Barotac Viejo , San Rafael , Lemery , Ajuy , Sara Conception , San Dionesio , Batad , Balasan , Estancia and Carles. It has a distinct intonation considered as the original feature of Hiligaynon. The dialect is spoken in a wider geography along the coast . It's free from corruption of chinese enclaves and ruling spanish authorities in the City . Dumangas so far the most melodious and softly spoken among the hiligaynon .
When Spaniard went to Iloilo they had written an account here to describe what the native people call themselves in Panay as Hiligaynon and Their language .
1.. “ The people of the coast, who are called the Yligueynes” (Miguel De Loarca - Relaciones 1582 , Arevalo Yloylo)
2. “ Its administration is in the Visayan-Hiligaynon language, which is the most widespread among the provinces of the Pintados. However the one spoken in Panay is the purest and most elegant.”
Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 1590’s by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
3. "But the proper name of these islands is the Bisayas. Many tongues are spoken in them, for there are many islands and many villages, and there is hardly a village that has not its own dialect. But the chief tongues are the Boholan, which is spoken in Sugbú, and the Hiligain, and they are very similar."
History of the Augustinian Order in the Filipinas Islands by Fray Juan de Medina a native of Sevilla, formerly minister to the villages of Ibahay, Aclán, Dumangas, Passi, and Panay, vicar-provincial of that island, and prior of the convent of Santo Niño de Cebú. Written by his own hand in the year 1630
4. Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay signed by Alfonso de Mentrida signed 1637. an Extant ancient manuscript.
5. Cursos de lengua Panayana by Dominican Fr. Raymundo Lorano piblished in 1876 in Universidad De Santo Thomas explaining about Ilongo diction , nouns , verbs , adjectives , adverbs , gerund , present , past future tense , sentence construction , etc.
Salient Feature
A. Ilongo words similar with Cebuano
Whenever Kinaray-a words is different from Ilongo , the latter tend to share words with other language such as tagalog and Cebuano. It had undergone several evolution , and becomes a creole.
kuha ( get) luto ( to cook) hatag ( to give Waray) diri ( here) ini ( this one) that one ( ina)s ud-an (dish)
utan ( vegetables)urot( ran out) tan-aw ( see also akean) hibalo ( to know) daku (big in size , mass)
lakat ( walk) tagpila (how much) mayo ( good) Kuring (akean)
B. Hiligaynon similarity from Kinaray a
Excluding Spanish , Hiligaynon language share identical words and phraseology with Kinaray-a if it’s done in simple and formal way . They share the words which is universally use in Malayo-Polynesia such as lima ( 5) , mata ( eye) langit ( heaven) ulo ( head) and many more . Most of similarity should have developed for centuries of close interaction. In modern times , it is called Ilongo.
example of similarity
Hiligaynon: Nagapati ako liwat, kung magmapisan ang tawu pirme, may kadalag-an
Kinaray-a: Nagapati ako liwat, kung magmapisan ang tawu pirme ,may kadalag-an
English: I believe again, if the person will always be industrious, there is success
C. Hiligaynon difference with Kinaray-a
The two are not inteligible with each other indication the two language came from distinct origin. Hiligaynon failure to disperse in Southern Western and Central Iloilo is proof they arrived later.
Example of striking Difference
Hiligaynon : Maayo , malakat sila bwas diri , kabalo ka sang upod nila ?
Cebuano : Maayo , malakaw sila buwas diri , kahibalo ka sang uban nila?
Kinaray-a : Mapanaw sanda sa rum-an giya , kamaan kaw kang imaw nanda ?
English: They will walk tomorrow here , you know their companion?
D. Hiligaynon loan words from Kinaray a
Kinaray-a Hiligaynon words English
palanga higugma love
pungko lingkod to sit down
hambal siling to say
halin gikan from
gamay diutay small
2. Hiligaynon/Ilongo in Iloilo City - It became standarly known as Ilongo , spoken in parts of Pavia , Leganes and Iloilo City . Due to Kinaray-a speakers , the original intonation of Hiligaynon had split within speech community in Irong-irong leaving its original accent of Northern Hiligaynon . It was prominent because it’s spoken in capital of Spanish government and Spanish Priest from 1600-1800. It became the Lengua Franca of Iloilo Province . Bible, Mass , Radio and television stations had help spread Ilongo language .Whole of Iloilo understand each other as they share substancial similarity of words and phraseology due to the proximity. Their close association for centuries with each other enable them to communicate without barrier . The Ilongo of Iloilo City is from which the broken hiligaynon of Negros have descended
3. Oton Hiligaynon/Ilongo- Spoken in town of Oton , roughly 10 Kilometers South of Iloilo City . A Hiligaynon that split due to distinct intonation influenced by Tigbaun. However , those near the Cities may speak Ilongo accent such as those from bounderies in San Antonio and Pakyad.
4. Mindanao Hiligaynon- Spoken by original Ilongos who settled in Mindanao through proclamation no 376 or Philippine resettlement programmof President Elpidio Quirino on March 10, 1953 . People of Leon San Miguel and Alimodian established Aleosan Town in Aleosan , Cotabato City , Kidapawan , Alaman , Surala , Norala , Banga , Polomolok , Koronadal or Marbel and General Santos City. People of Cabatuan Banate, Passi, , Calinog, Anilao, Maasin , Lambunao, Barotac Nuevo , Viejo founded Tacurong , Isulan , Esperanza in Sultan Kudarat. These people heavily speak Hiligaynon or Ilongo.
4. The Broken Hiligaynon of Negrosanon- It is spoken by Negrenses in Negros Occidental .
Since the speakers adopted the original Ilongo form in 1800's , this branch have undergone transformations . Because of Negrenses unfamiliarity and poor command of Ilongo language such as the slang , idiomatic expressions , there has been several contractions and developed into a corrupted or conversely variegated form of Hiligaynon which different in various sentence construction , with poor vocabolary and limited hiligaynon diction compare to the original speakers in Iloilo City and Province .
Manapla
E.B Magalona
Victorias City
Silay
Talisay
Bacolod
Bago
Murcia
Valladolid ,
Pulopandan
Isabela
Moises Padilla
Hinigaran
San Enrique
La Carlota
La Castillana .
Negrosanon Heavily-Cebuano Influence
Those in Northern starting from
Cadiz
Sagay
Escalante
Toboso
Calatrava
San Carlos City
and from South starting from
Kabankalan
Ilog
Cauayan
Hinoba-an
Sipalay
Candoni
Don Salvador Benedicto speaks a Cebuano accent in addition to mixed Hiligaynon-Cebuano creole.
The pooling of Cebuano-speaking Negrosanon gradually influenced the hiligaynon of Bacolod transporming it as creole , both in diction and accent. They apt to be abrupt in many conversation , a distinctive feature of Cebuano.
__________________________________________________________
Philological and Ethnolinguistic Study of Hiligaynon Words
Philology - it's a study of is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.
Ethnolinguistics - is a field of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture, and the way different ethnic groups perceive the world. Ethnolinguistic similarity of Sumatra and Iloilo is striking . here are the examples:
Words on Home-building Technology
"The most general mode of covering houses is with the "atap," which is the leaf of a species of palm called nipah"
words on Staple Food
" It is called in the Malay language gulei, and may be composed of any kind of edible, but is generally of flesh or fowl, with a variety of pulse and succulent herbage, stewed down with certain ingredients"
Fish Paste
"The best sort, or the red blachang, is made of the spawn of shrimps, or of the shrimps themselves, which they take about the mouths of rivers. They are, after boiling, exposed to the sun to dry, then pounded in a mortar with salt, moistened with a little water and formed into cakes, which is all the process"
Religious persuation
"They reckoned amongst these beings, all those who were killed by lightning or alligators, or had any disastrous death, and believed that they were carried up to the happy state, by the rainbow, which they call Balan-gao"
( From The history of Sumatra by William Marsden published in London 1811)
The word for Hand is Universal
Lima - is formosan words used by Paiwan , Siraya , Kavalan , Babuza , Papora , Taokas rukai ( alima) Puyuma and Hoanya aborigines of Taiwan. Ghari of Guadalcanal island Solomon islands.
It is used by Bungku Language spoken in Southeast Sulawesi , Wawonii of Wowoni and Menui islands of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia , Tukangbesi–Bonerate , wewewa and Wanukaka language is with 10 000 native speakers mainly on the island of Sumba , tuvalu of Polynesia
Isolated words shared with other speakrs in Malayo-Polynesia.
Merei language spoken in about four hundred people in the villages of Angoru, Navele, Tombet and Vusvogo
in the interior of Espiritu Santo Island , Vanuatu --- domdom ( to think )
http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=150
The word for is Head:Universal
Ulo- hoanya aborigines of taiwan, Bungku of Southeast Sulawesi , Mori Bawah, also known as Lower Mori or East
Mori, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. It is one of the principal languages of the Morowali Regency in Central Sulawesi, wawonii of Wowoni and Menui islands of Southeast Sulawesi, Mori Atas, also known as Upper Mori or West Mori. The traditional Mori Atas homeland is the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi.Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, The Alune, are one of the more ancient ethnic groups of Seram Island, Indonesia, Samoa,
The word " to scratch" and its cognate
kalut by totoli or Tolitoli is a Austronesian language family spoken by approximately 25,000–30,000 people of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia , kuskus by Amis is the Formosan language of the Amis or Ami, an indigenous tribal people living along the east coast of Taiwan , kiskis by Puyuma language is the language of the Puyuma people, a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan, carusi by Wolio is an Austronesian language spoken in Bau-Bau on Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia . Kali Paamese, or Paama, is the language of the island of Paama in Northern Vanuatu.
To open
buka by Lampung Api (Daya) Lampung is the language of the Indonesian province of Lampung at the southern tip of Sumatra.
There universal words present in Borneo , Sulawesi and Sumatra are : eye ( mata) apoy ( fire) , tian ( belly) Danao ( lake) ,Bulan , ( Moon) year ( Taun) batu ( stone) susu ( breast) minum ( to drink). The following are three major Islands and words which has strong transmission to Hiligaynon ( not shared by other dialect in Philippines) are underlined and in bold for emphasis.
A. Sulawesi Dialects - Selawesi Island ( Hiligaynon)
Bonerate - spoken in South Sulawesi province, Indonesia
Lima ( hand) titi ( breast) mata ( eye) ita ( see) motoru ( to sleep) pili ( to choose) batu ( stone) atu ( that)
Totoli or Tolitoli is of the Austronesian Language family spoken by approximately 25,000–30,000 people of central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Totoli appears to have a unique voice and applicative system which com¬bines features of a typical Philippine-type voice system with features of the applicative systems found in western Indonesia and the southern half of Sulawesi. There's some evidence that it reflects much hiligaynon vocabolary like " daku , luto , gulang , tian , ngalan, ulan , ngilong " shared by a wider geography such as Cebu , Masbatae , Samar, Leyte and Surigao.
ana ( that) inum ( to drink ) dalan ( road) baba ( mouth) dulaa ( to spit) kaan ( to eat) luto ( to cook) sosop ( to suck) ngeab ( to yawn) tau ( person) tian ( belly) bouk ( hair) susu ( breast) kekes ( to open or uncover) bale ( house)tulo ( sleep) ngalan ( name) ngilong ( nose) kalut ( scratch) tanum ( to plant) inang ( mother ) tutu ( to pound) batu ( stone) asin ( salt) bulan ( moon) bitoon ( star) kilat ( ligtning) udan ( rain) anging ( wind) gulang ( old) init ( warm) atop ( roof)itum ( black) puti ( white) babo ( above) daku ( big uniquely on totoli only not shared by other Islands ) nipis ( thin) guland ( old) tutuu ( true ) taon ( year) kamu ( you plural) ,sasik ( sea)
Sulawesi and Taiwan cognates of " belly"
Bungku Language spoken in Southeast Sulawesi --- tia ( belly) also
Wowonii, Kulisusu, Taloki , Tolaki , Maronene and Koroni of Southeast Sulawesi - have tian
Masiwang is a language of Seram, Indonesia , main island of Maluku province- Tian
Seimat - language is spoken by approximately 1000 people on the Ninigo and the Anchorite Islands in western Manus Province of Papua New Guinea - Tian
Bunun Language is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. - Tian
Puyuma Language is spoken by the Puyuma people of Taiwan - Tial
Kavalan Language is spoken by Northeast coast area of Taiwan by the Kavalan people - Tian
Hoanya Language of Taiwan-tiyat
Taokas language of Taiwan- Tiyal or Tiyat
Sasak is spoken by the Sasak ethnic group, which make up the majority of the population of Lombok, Indonesia. It is closely related to the languages of adjacent Bali and Sumbawa. Tian
Chamorro of Guam called it tuyan.
Ulan
used extensively east Indonesia by Masiwang - spoken in Seram , is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia - by werinama , by Hitu (Ambon) Hitu is an Austronesian spoken on Ambon Island in eastern Indonesia, part of a dialect chain of Seram Island , Asilulu is spoken in Asilulu village, located on the western end of Ambon Island in eastern Indonesia.
inum is used by Yamdena is an Austronesian language of the Maluku Islands in Indonesia
Asilulu- is spoken in Asilulu village, located on the western end of Ambon Island in eastern Indonesia- Laut ( sea)
Komering, Lampung - Laud
2. Kalimantan Dialects - Borneo Island ( Kinaray-a )
Dayak Ngaju -are indigenous people of Borneo from the Dayak group. They speak Ngaju language with many words identical/similar to Hiligaynon such as upak ( skin) likut ( back) bana ( husband) sawa ( wife) atap ( roof) aran ( name) mamanah ( to shoot) nakaw ( to steal) patei , mampatei , matei ( to kill/dead) singut ( to sniff) munu ( to stab) dawen ( leaf) batu ( stone) baras ( sand) danau ( lake) langit ( sky) bulan ( moon)ujan ( rain)kilat ( lightning) bisa ( wet) puti ( white)banipis ( thin) andaw ( day) ako ( I) ikau ( thou) ita ( we) pire ( how) saratus ( 100) ambun ( fog)iku ( tail) Laut ( Sea) -- Yet many of their words is shared with tagalog such as mili ( to buy) asu ( dog) apui ( fire)pandak ( short) bakapal ( thick).
Ma'anyan (Ma'anjan or Maanyak Dayak) is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people (subgroup of Dayak people) living in the central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Their words are uran-( rain) kelat ( lightning) apuy ( fire)
Banjarese Malay - is the native language used by the Banjarese people of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Quite a number of their words is present in Kinaray-a speaking groups in western Iloilo:
batis ( foot) mamah ( chew) nginum ( to drink) talinga ( ears) mata ( eye) ngaran ( name)bunuh ( to stab) tanam ( to plant) pilih ( to choose) buka ( to open) daun ( leaf) kumpai ( grass) batu ( stone) langit ( sky) bulan ( moon) kilat ( ligntning) angin ( wind) basah ( wet)habu ( ash) laut ( sea)sakit ( painful) ini ( this) aku ( I) kita ( we) kami (us) dua ( 2) talu ( 3) lima( 5) anam ( 6) sapuluh ( 10) saratus ( 100) saribu ( 1000) . Thier similar to tagalog words are buntot ( tail) kiwa ( left) kanan ( right)
Iban- branch of the Dayak ethnic group formerly known as "Sea Dayak" who live in Sarawak
I dont - Aku Enda
( Iban) Indi Ako ( Hiligaynon) Laut ( sea)
Melayu Sarawak- very few words are similar to Iloilo they are Laut ( sea) tulang ( bone)
takut ( fear)nangis ( cry)telinga(ear)
Melayu Brunie Kalat( rope) inda ( not/no) nipis ( thin)
3. Sumatra Dialects ( Kinaray-a )
Lampung Nyow is the language of the Indonesian province of Lampung at the southern tip of Sumatra.
-- Mili ( to choose ) mata ( eye) turuy( to sleep) bulan ( moon) Tengah (middle) segatus ( 100) Irun ( nose) some words are tagalog such as apoy ( fire) titi ( Breast) uniquely in Lampung Api shared by Bonerate in South Selawesi ).
cognates of belly
Sama Language of Sulom, Saba and East Borneo- Buttong
Komering in South Sumatra - botoŋ
Lampung in South Sumatra - bətəŋ
Bali in Bali - basang
Komering in the Lampung Province in southern Sumatra, along the Komering River words are isaw ( intestine ) titi ( breast in Komering Kayu Agung Pendatang not shared by most Islands) tajum ( sharp) nanum ( to plant) melɑŋoy ( to swim) lɑwut ( Sea)
Palembang Malay-language is spoken in Palembang, the capital of South Sumatera Province of Western Indonesia . Very few is similar to Iloilo such as laut ( sea)
4. Sabah Bisaya language
a. Dusunic languages are a group of languages spoken by the Bisaya, Dusun, Kadazan, Rungus ethnic groups and related peoples in the Malaysian province of Sabah on Borneo .Most of the Dusun and Kadazan in Sabah are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics, and minority groups of Islam and traditional religions.
sakay ( to ride) manuk ( chicken) walay ( house) dula ( saliva) kudot ( pinch)putol ( to cut) panaw ( to walk) uli ( to go home) inum ( to drink)dila ( tounge)tulang ( bone) open ( ukab)nakasala - did a mistake(rice crop = parai
Isai ngaran nu? (What is your name)
Ngaran ku ih ___(My name is ___ )
b. Murutic languages are a family of half a dozen closely related Austronesian languages, spoken in the northern inland regions of Borneo by the Murut people
baloy ( house) tanom ( plant) dipon ( teeth)mato ( eye) kito ( see)
The word for " foot" is till for Ilongo
it is quite similar to " titil" ( foot) used by Siraya are an indigenous people of Taiwan. Paa ( feet) used Puyuma language of the Puyuma people, a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan . Central Iloilo called it " Siki" having variants as " Zikini " of Babatana, an indigenous language of Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands.
Mass migration took place by large number of families who speak Hiligaynon language settled in most northern part of Iloilo . Estancia was
settled , people moved to Batad, Balasan and Carles. The Ajuy was settled ,
communities spread to inhabit the present Conception and lakdayan ( San Dionesio area) . In time , communities of Ajuy spread upland to populate hamlets of Sara . Families of Sara spread to Lemery . Other families inhabited the coast of Bobog ( Banate-Viejo ) which subsequently traversed into the mountain now San Rafael. Some families founded near the river Jalaud, meaning near the sea. Others moved further southward and settled in Irong-irong and others finally stopped at Ogtong. These indipendent coastal setlements were devoted to fishing.
Note : The failure of Hiligaynon demographic dispersion in Southern Western and Central part of Iloilo suggest a strong proof they arrived only later. Their closest ancestry is Cebuano Language due to close affinity with their vocabolary and distinct phonetical sound of "u" such as inum. Thus, seperating them from western communities of Iloilo who pronounced " u" like English pronounced " earn"
Regional Variation of Ilongo or Hiligaynon
1. Northern Hiligaynon/Ilongo : A language spoken by towns from Dumangas , Banate , Barotac Viejo , San Rafael , Lemery , Ajuy , Sara Conception , San Dionesio , Batad , Balasan , Estancia and Carles. It has a distinct intonation considered as the original feature of Hiligaynon. The dialect is spoken in a wider geography along the coast . It's free from corruption of chinese enclaves and ruling spanish authorities in the City . Dumangas so far the most melodious and softly spoken among the hiligaynon .
When Spaniard went to Iloilo they had written an account here to describe what the native people call themselves in Panay as Hiligaynon and Their language .
1.. “ The people of the coast, who are called the Yligueynes” (Miguel De Loarca - Relaciones 1582 , Arevalo Yloylo)
2. “ Its administration is in the Visayan-Hiligaynon language, which is the most widespread among the provinces of the Pintados. However the one spoken in Panay is the purest and most elegant.”
Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 1590’s by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
3. "But the proper name of these islands is the Bisayas. Many tongues are spoken in them, for there are many islands and many villages, and there is hardly a village that has not its own dialect. But the chief tongues are the Boholan, which is spoken in Sugbú, and the Hiligain, and they are very similar."
History of the Augustinian Order in the Filipinas Islands by Fray Juan de Medina a native of Sevilla, formerly minister to the villages of Ibahay, Aclán, Dumangas, Passi, and Panay, vicar-provincial of that island, and prior of the convent of Santo Niño de Cebú. Written by his own hand in the year 1630
4. Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay signed by Alfonso de Mentrida signed 1637. an Extant ancient manuscript.
5. Cursos de lengua Panayana by Dominican Fr. Raymundo Lorano piblished in 1876 in Universidad De Santo Thomas explaining about Ilongo diction , nouns , verbs , adjectives , adverbs , gerund , present , past future tense , sentence construction , etc.
Salient Feature
A. Ilongo words similar with Cebuano
Whenever Kinaray-a words is different from Ilongo , the latter tend to share words with other language such as tagalog and Cebuano. It had undergone several evolution , and becomes a creole.
kuha ( get) luto ( to cook) hatag ( to give Waray) diri ( here) ini ( this one) that one ( ina)s ud-an (dish)
utan ( vegetables)urot( ran out) tan-aw ( see also akean) hibalo ( to know) daku (big in size , mass)
lakat ( walk) tagpila (how much) mayo ( good) Kuring (akean)
B. Hiligaynon similarity from Kinaray a
Excluding Spanish , Hiligaynon language share identical words and phraseology with Kinaray-a if it’s done in simple and formal way . They share the words which is universally use in Malayo-Polynesia such as lima ( 5) , mata ( eye) langit ( heaven) ulo ( head) and many more . Most of similarity should have developed for centuries of close interaction. In modern times , it is called Ilongo.
example of similarity
Hiligaynon: Nagapati ako liwat, kung magmapisan ang tawu pirme, may kadalag-an
Kinaray-a: Nagapati ako liwat, kung magmapisan ang tawu pirme ,may kadalag-an
English: I believe again, if the person will always be industrious, there is success
C. Hiligaynon difference with Kinaray-a
The two are not inteligible with each other indication the two language came from distinct origin. Hiligaynon failure to disperse in Southern Western and Central Iloilo is proof they arrived later.
Example of striking Difference
Hiligaynon : Maayo , malakat sila bwas diri , kabalo ka sang upod nila ?
Cebuano : Maayo , malakaw sila buwas diri , kahibalo ka sang uban nila?
Kinaray-a : Mapanaw sanda sa rum-an giya , kamaan kaw kang imaw nanda ?
English: They will walk tomorrow here , you know their companion?
D. Hiligaynon loan words from Kinaray a
Kinaray-a Hiligaynon words English
palanga higugma love
pungko lingkod to sit down
hambal siling to say
halin gikan from
gamay diutay small
2. Hiligaynon/Ilongo in Iloilo City - It became standarly known as Ilongo , spoken in parts of Pavia , Leganes and Iloilo City . Due to Kinaray-a speakers , the original intonation of Hiligaynon had split within speech community in Irong-irong leaving its original accent of Northern Hiligaynon . It was prominent because it’s spoken in capital of Spanish government and Spanish Priest from 1600-1800. It became the Lengua Franca of Iloilo Province . Bible, Mass , Radio and television stations had help spread Ilongo language .Whole of Iloilo understand each other as they share substancial similarity of words and phraseology due to the proximity. Their close association for centuries with each other enable them to communicate without barrier . The Ilongo of Iloilo City is from which the broken hiligaynon of Negros have descended
3. Oton Hiligaynon/Ilongo- Spoken in town of Oton , roughly 10 Kilometers South of Iloilo City . A Hiligaynon that split due to distinct intonation influenced by Tigbaun. However , those near the Cities may speak Ilongo accent such as those from bounderies in San Antonio and Pakyad.
4. Mindanao Hiligaynon- Spoken by original Ilongos who settled in Mindanao through proclamation no 376 or Philippine resettlement programmof President Elpidio Quirino on March 10, 1953 . People of Leon San Miguel and Alimodian established Aleosan Town in Aleosan , Cotabato City , Kidapawan , Alaman , Surala , Norala , Banga , Polomolok , Koronadal or Marbel and General Santos City. People of Cabatuan Banate, Passi, , Calinog, Anilao, Maasin , Lambunao, Barotac Nuevo , Viejo founded Tacurong , Isulan , Esperanza in Sultan Kudarat. These people heavily speak Hiligaynon or Ilongo.
4. The Broken Hiligaynon of Negrosanon- It is spoken by Negrenses in Negros Occidental .
Since the speakers adopted the original Ilongo form in 1800's , this branch have undergone transformations . Because of Negrenses unfamiliarity and poor command of Ilongo language such as the slang , idiomatic expressions , there has been several contractions and developed into a corrupted or conversely variegated form of Hiligaynon which different in various sentence construction , with poor vocabolary and limited hiligaynon diction compare to the original speakers in Iloilo City and Province .
Manapla
E.B Magalona
Victorias City
Silay
Talisay
Bacolod
Bago
Murcia
Valladolid ,
Pulopandan
Isabela
Moises Padilla
Hinigaran
San Enrique
La Carlota
La Castillana .
Negrosanon Heavily-Cebuano Influence
Those in Northern starting from
Cadiz
Sagay
Escalante
Toboso
Calatrava
San Carlos City
and from South starting from
Kabankalan
Ilog
Cauayan
Hinoba-an
Sipalay
Candoni
Don Salvador Benedicto speaks a Cebuano accent in addition to mixed Hiligaynon-Cebuano creole.
The pooling of Cebuano-speaking Negrosanon gradually influenced the hiligaynon of Bacolod transporming it as creole , both in diction and accent. They apt to be abrupt in many conversation , a distinctive feature of Cebuano.
__________________________________________________________
Philological and Ethnolinguistic Study of Hiligaynon Words
Philology - it's a study of is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.
Ethnolinguistics - is a field of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture, and the way different ethnic groups perceive the world. Ethnolinguistic similarity of Sumatra and Iloilo is striking . here are the examples:
Words on Home-building Technology
"The most general mode of covering houses is with the "atap," which is the leaf of a species of palm called nipah"
words on Staple Food
" It is called in the Malay language gulei, and may be composed of any kind of edible, but is generally of flesh or fowl, with a variety of pulse and succulent herbage, stewed down with certain ingredients"
Fish Paste
"The best sort, or the red blachang, is made of the spawn of shrimps, or of the shrimps themselves, which they take about the mouths of rivers. They are, after boiling, exposed to the sun to dry, then pounded in a mortar with salt, moistened with a little water and formed into cakes, which is all the process"
Religious persuation
"They reckoned amongst these beings, all those who were killed by lightning or alligators, or had any disastrous death, and believed that they were carried up to the happy state, by the rainbow, which they call Balan-gao"
( From The history of Sumatra by William Marsden published in London 1811)
The word for Hand is Universal
Lima - is formosan words used by Paiwan , Siraya , Kavalan , Babuza , Papora , Taokas rukai ( alima) Puyuma and Hoanya aborigines of Taiwan. Ghari of Guadalcanal island Solomon islands.
It is used by Bungku Language spoken in Southeast Sulawesi , Wawonii of Wowoni and Menui islands of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia , Tukangbesi–Bonerate , wewewa and Wanukaka language is with 10 000 native speakers mainly on the island of Sumba , tuvalu of Polynesia
Isolated words shared with other speakrs in Malayo-Polynesia.
Merei language spoken in about four hundred people in the villages of Angoru, Navele, Tombet and Vusvogo
in the interior of Espiritu Santo Island , Vanuatu --- domdom ( to think )
http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=150
The word for is Head:Universal
Ulo- hoanya aborigines of taiwan, Bungku of Southeast Sulawesi , Mori Bawah, also known as Lower Mori or East
Mori, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. It is one of the principal languages of the Morowali Regency in Central Sulawesi, wawonii of Wowoni and Menui islands of Southeast Sulawesi, Mori Atas, also known as Upper Mori or West Mori. The traditional Mori Atas homeland is the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi.Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, The Alune, are one of the more ancient ethnic groups of Seram Island, Indonesia, Samoa,
The word " to scratch" and its cognate
kalut by totoli or Tolitoli is a Austronesian language family spoken by approximately 25,000–30,000 people of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia , kuskus by Amis is the Formosan language of the Amis or Ami, an indigenous tribal people living along the east coast of Taiwan , kiskis by Puyuma language is the language of the Puyuma people, a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan, carusi by Wolio is an Austronesian language spoken in Bau-Bau on Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia . Kali Paamese, or Paama, is the language of the island of Paama in Northern Vanuatu.
To open
buka by Lampung Api (Daya) Lampung is the language of the Indonesian province of Lampung at the southern tip of Sumatra.
There universal words present in Borneo , Sulawesi and Sumatra are : eye ( mata) apoy ( fire) , tian ( belly) Danao ( lake) ,Bulan , ( Moon) year ( Taun) batu ( stone) susu ( breast) minum ( to drink). The following are three major Islands and words which has strong transmission to Hiligaynon ( not shared by other dialect in Philippines) are underlined and in bold for emphasis.
A. Sulawesi Dialects - Selawesi Island ( Hiligaynon)
Bonerate - spoken in South Sulawesi province, Indonesia
Lima ( hand) titi ( breast) mata ( eye) ita ( see) motoru ( to sleep) pili ( to choose) batu ( stone) atu ( that)
Totoli or Tolitoli is of the Austronesian Language family spoken by approximately 25,000–30,000 people of central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Totoli appears to have a unique voice and applicative system which com¬bines features of a typical Philippine-type voice system with features of the applicative systems found in western Indonesia and the southern half of Sulawesi. There's some evidence that it reflects much hiligaynon vocabolary like " daku , luto , gulang , tian , ngalan, ulan , ngilong " shared by a wider geography such as Cebu , Masbatae , Samar, Leyte and Surigao.
ana ( that) inum ( to drink ) dalan ( road) baba ( mouth) dulaa ( to spit) kaan ( to eat) luto ( to cook) sosop ( to suck) ngeab ( to yawn) tau ( person) tian ( belly) bouk ( hair) susu ( breast) kekes ( to open or uncover) bale ( house)tulo ( sleep) ngalan ( name) ngilong ( nose) kalut ( scratch) tanum ( to plant) inang ( mother ) tutu ( to pound) batu ( stone) asin ( salt) bulan ( moon) bitoon ( star) kilat ( ligtning) udan ( rain) anging ( wind) gulang ( old) init ( warm) atop ( roof)itum ( black) puti ( white) babo ( above) daku ( big uniquely on totoli only not shared by other Islands ) nipis ( thin) guland ( old) tutuu ( true ) taon ( year) kamu ( you plural) ,sasik ( sea)
Sulawesi and Taiwan cognates of " belly"
Bungku Language spoken in Southeast Sulawesi --- tia ( belly) also
Wowonii, Kulisusu, Taloki , Tolaki , Maronene and Koroni of Southeast Sulawesi - have tian
Masiwang is a language of Seram, Indonesia , main island of Maluku province- Tian
Seimat - language is spoken by approximately 1000 people on the Ninigo and the Anchorite Islands in western Manus Province of Papua New Guinea - Tian
Bunun Language is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. - Tian
Puyuma Language is spoken by the Puyuma people of Taiwan - Tial
Kavalan Language is spoken by Northeast coast area of Taiwan by the Kavalan people - Tian
Hoanya Language of Taiwan-tiyat
Taokas language of Taiwan- Tiyal or Tiyat
Sasak is spoken by the Sasak ethnic group, which make up the majority of the population of Lombok, Indonesia. It is closely related to the languages of adjacent Bali and Sumbawa. Tian
Chamorro of Guam called it tuyan.
Ulan
used extensively east Indonesia by Masiwang - spoken in Seram , is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia - by werinama , by Hitu (Ambon) Hitu is an Austronesian spoken on Ambon Island in eastern Indonesia, part of a dialect chain of Seram Island , Asilulu is spoken in Asilulu village, located on the western end of Ambon Island in eastern Indonesia.
inum is used by Yamdena is an Austronesian language of the Maluku Islands in Indonesia
Asilulu- is spoken in Asilulu village, located on the western end of Ambon Island in eastern Indonesia- Laut ( sea)
Komering, Lampung - Laud
2. Kalimantan Dialects - Borneo Island ( Kinaray-a )
Dayak Ngaju -are indigenous people of Borneo from the Dayak group. They speak Ngaju language with many words identical/similar to Hiligaynon such as upak ( skin) likut ( back) bana ( husband) sawa ( wife) atap ( roof) aran ( name) mamanah ( to shoot) nakaw ( to steal) patei , mampatei , matei ( to kill/dead) singut ( to sniff) munu ( to stab) dawen ( leaf) batu ( stone) baras ( sand) danau ( lake) langit ( sky) bulan ( moon)ujan ( rain)kilat ( lightning) bisa ( wet) puti ( white)banipis ( thin) andaw ( day) ako ( I) ikau ( thou) ita ( we) pire ( how) saratus ( 100) ambun ( fog)iku ( tail) Laut ( Sea) -- Yet many of their words is shared with tagalog such as mili ( to buy) asu ( dog) apui ( fire)pandak ( short) bakapal ( thick).
Ma'anyan (Ma'anjan or Maanyak Dayak) is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people (subgroup of Dayak people) living in the central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Their words are uran-( rain) kelat ( lightning) apuy ( fire)
Banjarese Malay - is the native language used by the Banjarese people of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Quite a number of their words is present in Kinaray-a speaking groups in western Iloilo:
batis ( foot) mamah ( chew) nginum ( to drink) talinga ( ears) mata ( eye) ngaran ( name)bunuh ( to stab) tanam ( to plant) pilih ( to choose) buka ( to open) daun ( leaf) kumpai ( grass) batu ( stone) langit ( sky) bulan ( moon) kilat ( ligntning) angin ( wind) basah ( wet)habu ( ash) laut ( sea)sakit ( painful) ini ( this) aku ( I) kita ( we) kami (us) dua ( 2) talu ( 3) lima( 5) anam ( 6) sapuluh ( 10) saratus ( 100) saribu ( 1000) . Thier similar to tagalog words are buntot ( tail) kiwa ( left) kanan ( right)
Iban- branch of the Dayak ethnic group formerly known as "Sea Dayak" who live in Sarawak
I dont - Aku Enda
( Iban) Indi Ako ( Hiligaynon) Laut ( sea)
Melayu Sarawak- very few words are similar to Iloilo they are Laut ( sea) tulang ( bone)
takut ( fear)nangis ( cry)telinga(ear)
Melayu Brunie Kalat( rope) inda ( not/no) nipis ( thin)
3. Sumatra Dialects ( Kinaray-a )
Lampung Nyow is the language of the Indonesian province of Lampung at the southern tip of Sumatra.
-- Mili ( to choose ) mata ( eye) turuy( to sleep) bulan ( moon) Tengah (middle) segatus ( 100) Irun ( nose) some words are tagalog such as apoy ( fire) titi ( Breast) uniquely in Lampung Api shared by Bonerate in South Selawesi ).
cognates of belly
Sama Language of Sulom, Saba and East Borneo- Buttong
Komering in South Sumatra - botoŋ
Lampung in South Sumatra - bətəŋ
Bali in Bali - basang
Komering in the Lampung Province in southern Sumatra, along the Komering River words are isaw ( intestine ) titi ( breast in Komering Kayu Agung Pendatang not shared by most Islands) tajum ( sharp) nanum ( to plant) melɑŋoy ( to swim) lɑwut ( Sea)
Palembang Malay-language is spoken in Palembang, the capital of South Sumatera Province of Western Indonesia . Very few is similar to Iloilo such as laut ( sea)
4. Sabah Bisaya language
a. Dusunic languages are a group of languages spoken by the Bisaya, Dusun, Kadazan, Rungus ethnic groups and related peoples in the Malaysian province of Sabah on Borneo .Most of the Dusun and Kadazan in Sabah are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics, and minority groups of Islam and traditional religions.
sakay ( to ride) manuk ( chicken) walay ( house) dula ( saliva) kudot ( pinch)putol ( to cut) panaw ( to walk) uli ( to go home) inum ( to drink)dila ( tounge)tulang ( bone) open ( ukab)nakasala - did a mistake(rice crop = parai
Isai ngaran nu? (What is your name)
Ngaran ku ih ___(My name is ___ )
b. Murutic languages are a family of half a dozen closely related Austronesian languages, spoken in the northern inland regions of Borneo by the Murut people
baloy ( house) tanom ( plant) dipon ( teeth)mato ( eye) kito ( see)
The word for " foot" is till for Ilongo
it is quite similar to " titil" ( foot) used by Siraya are an indigenous people of Taiwan. Paa ( feet) used Puyuma language of the Puyuma people, a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan . Central Iloilo called it " Siki" having variants as " Zikini " of Babatana, an indigenous language of Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands.
Central share resemblance with Western in 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 ( 8 counts)
Central share resemblance with South in 2 3 4 9 10 ( 5 counts)
Central share resemblance with TLA in 2 3 4 6 9 10 ( 6 counts)
Central share resemblance with Hil in 3 ( 1 count)
Western share resemblance with Central 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 ( 8 counts)
Western share resemblance South 2 3 4 7 9 ( 5 counts)
Western share resemblance TLA 1 2 3 4 6 9 10 (7 counts)
Western share resemblance Hil 2 ( 1 count)
Southern share resemblance central 2 3 4 9 ( 4 counts)
Southern share resemblance Western 2 3 4 7 9 ( 5 counts)
Southern share resemblance TLA 2 3 4 7 9 ( 5 counts)
Southern share resemblance Hil 1 ( 1 count)
Hiligaynon and Cebuano belongs one ancestry of Language
It suggest that Hiligaynon words such as such as ambot , kuha , ka , wala , sang , luto bwas and hatag is identical with Cebuano while it is alien to the rest of speakers in Iloilo . Hiligaynon share ancestry with Cebuano and only split during assimilating with Iloilo speakers.
It suggest that Hiligaynon words such as such as ambot , kuha , ka , wala , sang , luto bwas and hatag is identical with Cebuano while it is alien to the rest of speakers in Iloilo . Hiligaynon share ancestry with Cebuano and only split during assimilating with Iloilo speakers.
* Southern-speakers share some words with Central and Western-speakers but diverts in many points such as umbay , rigya , raha and tugro identical with Antique suggesting southern-people descended from there.
*Central and Western-speakers share frequency with words like daha , giya and tao suggesting Central-people is descended from Western-people . Central-speaker is solitary in resemblance with hiligaynon on proniunciation of "u" . It suggests that Hiligaynon people considerably expanded in Central-speaker comunities.
*Central and Western-speakers share frequency with words like daha , giya and tao suggesting Central-people is descended from Western-people . Central-speaker is solitary in resemblance with hiligaynon on proniunciation of "u" . It suggests that Hiligaynon people considerably expanded in Central-speaker comunities.
