Abstract: A system for in-vehicle network intrusion detection includes a microcontroller having first and second cores and memory. The first core may be configured to obtain one or more network messages from one or more communication buses of a vehicle describing one or more events associated with the vehicle. The memory may be configured to store the one or more network messages obtained by the first core. The second core may be configured to: (i) read the one or more network messages from the memory; (ii) detect whether at least some of the one or more events constitute an anomaly based on predefined rules; (iii) generate one or more resident incident logs including metadata associated with one or more detected anomalous events based on the detected anomaly event data; and (iv) generate one or more transmitted incident logs based on the one or more resident incident logs.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method by a message recipient in a vehicle or on a mobile device for decoding overlapping wireless messages is provided. The method comprises: receiving a first message from a first message sender that overlaps with a second message received from a second message sender; estimating, in a first signal recovery phase, a received data symbol (d0) from the first message and a channel impulse response (h1) corresponding to a data channel between the message recipient and the second message sender; estimating, in a second signal recovery phase, a received data symbol (d0)? from the first message and a received data symbol (d1) from the second message; and reconstructing the first message from the estimated data symbol (d0) estimated in the first signal recovery phase and estimated data symbol (d0)? estimated during the second signal recovery phase and reconstructing the second message from the estimated data symbol (d1) estimated during the second signal recovery phase.

Abstract: Examples of techniques for dynamically selecting a batch size used in vehicle camera image processing are disclosed. In one example implementation, a method includes generating, by a processing device, a batch table and a mode table. The method further includes determining, by the processing device, image processing performance requirements for a current mode of a vehicle using the mode table, the vehicle comprising a plurality of cameras configured to capture a plurality of images. The method further includes selecting, by the processing device, a batch size and a processing frequency based at least in part on the image processing performance requirements for the current mode of the vehicle. The method further includes processing, by an accelerator, at least a subset of the plurality of images based at least in part on the batch size and processing frequency.

Abstract: A method for capturing video and/or images for a mapping system includes, in a vehicle, wirelessly receiving a request from a remote server for videos and/or images. The request specifies a location and a heading for the videos and/or images. The method includes comparing a vehicle location and a vehicle heading to the location and heading of the request. If a match occurs, recording a video and/or an image corresponding to the location and heading and uploading the video and/or image to the remote server.

Abstract: A system for partitioning a two-dimensional (2D) array and recognizing elements of the 2D array selects a location in an array comprising pixel data of the 2D array; and selects a direction in which to traverse the array from the selected location to segment the elements of the 2D array. The system uses a model and a reward/penalty function to guide the traversal through the array. The system changes direction when the data encountered while traversing the array in the selected direction represents one of the elements of the 2D array and continues in the selected direction when the data represents a joint between two elements of the 2D array. The system recognizes one or more of the elements of the 2D array segmented by traversing the array.

Abstract: A series of many electrical resistance spot welds is to be formed in members of an assembled, but un-joined, body that presents workpiece stack-ups of various combinations of metal workpieces including all aluminum workpieces, all steel workpieces, and a combination of aluminum and steel workpieces. A pair of spot welding electrodes, each with a specified weld face that includes oxide-disrupting features, is used to form the required numbers of aluminum-to-aluminum spot welds, aluminum-to-steel spot welds, and steel-to-steel spot welds. A predetermined sequence of forming the various spot welds may be specified for extending the number of spot welds that can be made before the weld faces must be restored. And, during at least one of the aluminum-to-steel spot welds, a cover is inserted between the weld face of one of the welding electrodes and a side of a workpiece stack-up that includes the adjacent aluminum and steel workpieces.

Abstract: An apparatus and method that detect a wheel alignment condition are provided. The method includes receiving a dataset comprising one or more from among a steering wheel angle parameter, a speed parameter, a lateral acceleration parameter, a self-aligning torque parameter and a power steering torque parameter, normalizing the received dataset, analyzing the normalized dataset according to a model for determining a wheel alignment condition, and outputting a value indicating whether the wheel alignment is within a predetermined value based on the model.

Abstract: Examples of techniques for vehicle suspension system alignment monitoring are disclosed. In one example implementation, a method includes receiving vehicle data and environmental data including, inertial measurement unit (IMU) acceleration data and global positioning system (GPS) velocity data from a GPS associated with the vehicle, and steering wheel angle data, driver applied torque data, and electronic power steering (EPS) applied torque data associated with the steering system. The method further includes mitigating for at least one of a vehicle effect and an environmental effect based on the vehicle data and environmental data. The method further includes detecting a misalignment based at least in part on one or more of the IMU acceleration data, the GPS velocity data, acceleration data, a steering wheel angle, and a self-aligning torque. The method further includes reporting the misalignment of the vehicle based at least in part on detecting the misalignment.

Abstract: A cover member includes a body member made of a composite material and including a mounting flange. A plurality of compression limiters are disposed in the mounting flange, the compression limiters have a predetermined thickness and an internally threaded aperture therein. The dual function compression limiters eliminate the need for separate threaded inserts. With the dual function compression limiter, every bolt location provides a potential location for a jack screw.

Abstract: A method for joining a plurality of workpieces includes providing a rotating drive tool. A fastener is secured to the drive tool. The drive tool is then rotatably driven such that a distal end of the fastener rotates against a surface of the plurality of workpieces. A heated material zone is then generated on the plurality of workpieces as caused by friction from the rotation of the fastener against the surface of the plurality of workpieces. The distal end of the fastener is rotatably and axially driven through the heated material zone. Finally, the drive tool is removed from the fastener, such that when the heated material zone cools, a portion of the heated material zone is fused to the fastener.

Abstract: A seat assembly for supporting an occupant of a vehicle includes a cushion and a suspension. The cushion has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is configured to engage the occupant. The second surface is disposed opposite the first surface. The suspension includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion includes a third surface. The third surface engages the second surface of the cushion. The second portion includes a fourth surface. The fourth surface defines a first depression. The first depression opens toward the cushion. The first depression is configured to receive a portion of the cushion when the occupant exerts a load on the cushion.

Abstract: A cover panel for installation over foam of a vehicle seat includes a first layer with an occupant-facing surface and a foam-facing surface. The foam-facing surface is located opposite to the occupant-facing surface. The first layer is configured to cover at least a portion of the foam of the vehicle seat. The cover panel further includes a second layer bonded to the foam-facing surface of the first layer such that the second layer is obscured from view by the first layer. The cover panel also includes a tie-down connected to the second layer that projects away from the foam-facing surface, wherein the tie-down is configured to tension the first layer when the tie-down is pulled away from the foam-facing surface.

Abstract: An overhead airbag system includes a first airbag assembly with a first inflator and a first airbag cushion. The first airbag cushion includes an occupant-facing portion, a first side portion and a second side portion. The occupant-facing portion is connected between the first side portion and the second side portion and separates the first side portion from the second side portion by a first gap. The first airbag cushion is operable in an uninflated state and an inflated state. The airbag system also includes a second airbag assembly with a second inflator and a second airbag cushion. The second airbag cushion includes an occupant-facing wall and at least one side wall. The occupant-facing wall faces away from the occupant-facing portion of the first airbag cushion and the at least one side wall is positioned between the first side portion and the second side portion of the first airbag cushion.

Abstract: A method of resistance spot welding a steel workpiece and an aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece, and a welding electrode used therein. In one step of the method a workpiece stack-up is provided. The workpiece stack-up includes a steel workpiece and an aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece. Another step of the method involves contacting the aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece with a weld face of the welding electrode. The welding electrode has a body and an insert. The insert is composed of a material having an electrical resistivity that is greater than an electrical resistivity of the material of the body. The weld face has a first section defined by a surface of the insert and has a second section defined by a surface of the body. Both the first and second sections make surface-to-surface contact with the aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece amid resistance spot welding.

Abstract: A method for casting metal using a semi-permanent mold connected to a feed portion includes forming a coolant jacket in a sprue of the feed portion. A coolant source is connected to the coolant jacket. A metal in a molten state is poured into the feed portion for gravity induced flow into the semi-permanent mold. A wall thickness of the sprue is predetermining which minimizes heat transfer from the sprue, thereby forcing the metal in the molten state to cool slower in the sprue than in the mold. After a predetermined time for the metal to cool to a solid state in the mold, flow of a coolant from the coolant source into the coolant jacket is initiated to cool the metal in the sprue before opening the mold.

Abstract: A steer-by-wire assembly includes a steering wheel, a steering column coupled to the steering wheel, and a fluid-flow control mechanism coupled to the steering column, wherein the fluid-flow control mechanism is configured to adjust a torque on the steering column. The fluid-flow control mechanism includes a housing defining a cavity, and a flow control valve in fluid communication with the cavity of the housing. The flow control valve is configured to control a flow of a fluid in the cavity of the housing to adjust the torque on the steering wheel. The fluid-flow control mechanism includes a shaft and a piston coupled to the shaft such that translation of the piston causes the shaft to rotate.

Abstract: A vehicle propulsion system includes an internal combustion engine with a first combustion chamber and a second combustion chamber, a catalytic converter in an exhaust stream in communication with an exhaust of the internal combustion engine, a gasoline particulate filter in the exhaust stream downstream of the catalytic converter, and a controller in communication with the internal combustion engine. The controller is programmed to determine if a soot loading of the gasoline particulate filter exceeds a predetermined threshold, and adjust a set of engine operating parameters of the internal combustion engine to disable combustion in the first combustion chamber and enrich a fuel mixture in the second combustion chamber if the soot loading in the gasoline particulate filter exceeds the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: An electrical system includes a battery pack, sensors, and a controller. The sensors configured output measured state signals indicative of an actual state of the battery back, including a respective actual voltage, current, and temperature of each of the multiple battery cells. The controller executes a method to generate, responsive to the measured state signals, an estimated state of the multiple battery cells using a respective open-circuit voltage and low-frequency transient voltage of each of the multiple battery cells. The controller estimates the low-frequency transient voltages using a porous electrode transient (PET) model as part of a model set, the PET model having open-circuit voltage elements representing uneven charge distribution within a cell electrode. State of charge (SOC) of the battery pack is estimated using the estimated voltages. An operating state of the electrical system is controlled in real-time responsive to the estimated SOC.

Abstract: A hybrid powertrain includes an internal combustion engine and a multi-speed transmission coupled to the internal combustion engine. The multi-speed transmission includes an input member, an output member, and a first, second, third, fourth, and fifth planetary gear set each having a sun gear member, a planet carrier assembly member and a ring gear member. The multi-speed transmission further includes a first, second, third, fourth, and fifth planetary gear sets each having a sun gear member, a planet carrier assembly member and a ring gear member. The multi-speed transmission further includes seven torque-transmitting devices configured to selectively interconnect the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth planetary gear sets with one another in combinations of at least four to establish at least ten forward speed ratios and at least one reverse speed ratio between the input member and the output member.

Abstract: System and method of controlling operation of a device having a rechargeable energy storage pack with a plurality of cells, based on propulsion loss assessment. A controller is configured to obtain a state of charge data and an open circuit voltage of the rechargeable energy storage pack. The controller is configured to obtain a state of charge disparity factor (dSOC) from a selected dataset. The state of charge disparity factor (dSOC) is defined as a difference between a minimum value of the state of charge and an average value of the state of charge of the plurality of cells. The controller is configured to control operation of the device based in part on the state of charge disparity factor (dSOC) and a plurality of parameters (Pi), including raising one or more of a plurality of flags each transmitting respective information to a user.

Abstract: In various embodiments, methods, systems, and vehicles are provided. In certain embodiments, a vehicle includes a sensor and a processor. The sensor is configured to at least facilitate detecting when a user is disposed within the vehicle. The processor is coupled to the sensor, and is configured to at least facilitate: identifying the user; retrieving, from a memory, a sequence of inputs that is associated with the identified user as a trigger for a customized silent alarm feature for the user; monitoring for the sequence of inputs while the user is disposed within the vehicle; and providing instructions for taking an action when the sequence of inputs is detected while the user is disposed within the vehicle.

Abstract: An electrical system includes a battery, sensors, and a controller. The sensors output measured signals indicative of an actual state of the battery, including respective actual voltage, current, and temperature signals for each battery cell. The controller, in conducting a method, generates an estimated state of the battery, including a predicted voltage of the battery, doing so responsive to the signals using an open-circuit voltage and an output of an empirical model. An operating state of the electrical system is controlled using the estimated state. The empirical model includes low-pass/band-pass filters and a high-pass filter each with a different time-constant, the time-constants being spread over a time-constant range. Each low-pass/band-pass filter branches through a basis function(s) whose output(s) are multiplied by a respective resistance value to generate higher-frequency voltage transients. The controller sums the open-circuit voltage and voltage transients to derive the predicted voltage.

Abstract: A method of root cause diagnosis of fault data from a vehicle includes identifying a first vehicle fault and selecting from field repair data a vehicle feature corresponding to the identified first vehicle fault. The method also includes identifying from the field repair data an effective repair of the identified first vehicle fault. The method additionally includes training and testing via a machine learning algorithm, a labor code classifier using the identified effective repair of the first vehicle fault and the selected vehicle feature corresponding to the identified first vehicle fault. The method also includes identifying and classifying, using the trained classifier, indistinguishable labor codes. Furthermore, the method includes communicating the identified and classified indistinguishable labor codes for diagnosing a root cause of real time first vehicle fault data.

Abstract: A hybrid electric powertrain system includes a transmission, engine, e-accessory, primary and secondary electric machines, and controller. The e-accessory is powered by the secondary electric machine in response to an accessory torque demand. The engine and primary electric machine are connected to the transmission and configured, alone or in combination, to provide input drive torque to the transmission. The secondary electric machine is connected to the e-accessory and satisfies the accessory torque demand. A first clutch between the secondary electric machine and a transmission input member connects the secondary electric machine to the input member. The controller, in response to an output torque request, executes a power-sharing strategy using an objective cost function that allocates engine torque, primary motor torque, and secondary motor torque to the input member to satisfy the output torque request, while satisfying the accessory torque demand via the secondary electric machine.

Abstract: An inflatable blanket for a vehicle includes a first blanket layer, a second blanket layer coupled to the first blanket layer, and an airbag disposed between the first blanket layer and the second blanket layer. The airbag has a deflated configuration and an inflated configuration to protect a vehicle occupant when the vehicle is subjected to an external force.

Abstract: A stator for an electromagnetic machine includes a first lamination stack defining a first cavity therein and having a central longitudinal axis. The first lamination stack includes a first plurality of mounting ears disposed opposite the first cavity and each spaced apart from one another about the central longitudinal axis. The stator further includes a second lamination stack abutting the first lamination stack and defining a second cavity therein aligned with the first cavity along the central longitudinal axis. The second lamination stack includes a second plurality of mounting ears disposed opposite the second cavity and each spaced apart from the first plurality of mounting ears and from one another about the central longitudinal axis. An electromagnetic machine including the stator and a device including the electromagnetic machine are also described.

Abstract: A battery connection system includes a conductor configured to connect with a battery that has a post. An inner clamp element has a wall that is shaped to mate with the post and that defines a hollow interior and an exterior. The wall has a notch defining a void in the wall. An outer clamp element mates with the exterior of the wall of the inner clamp element to reduce the size of the void to secure the conductor to the battery.

Abstract: A method of adhesive weld bonding a light metal workpiece and a steel workpiece is disclosed that includes applying a plurality of discrete adhesive ribbons to a faying surface of the light metal workpiece, the faying surface of the steel workpiece, or both faying surfaces, and then assembling the workpieces together to establish one or more adhesive zones between the faying surfaces of the light metal and steel workpieces and a plurality of adhesive free zones amongst the adhesive zone(s). The method further includes forming a resistance spot weld that bonds the the light metal workpiece and the steel workpiece together at a spot weld location within one of the adhesive free zones. The formed spot weld includes a weld joint contained within the light metal workpiece that bonds to the faying interface of the steel workpiece.

Abstract: A method of resistance spot welding workpiece stack-ups of different combinations of metal workpieces with a single weld gun using the same set of welding electrodes is disclosed. In this method, a set of opposed welding electrodes that include an original shape and oxide-disrupting structural features are used to resistance spot weld at least two of the following types of workpiece stack-ups in a particular sequence: (1) a workpiece stack-up of two or more aluminum workpieces; (2) a workpiece stack-up that includes an aluminum workpiece and an adjacent steel workpiece; and (3) a workpiece stack-up of two or more steel workpieces. The spot welding sequence calls for completing all of the aluminum-to-aluminum spot welds and/or all of the steel-to-steel spot welds last.

Abstract: A method of laser welding a workpiece stack-up that includes two or three overlapping aluminum alloy workpieces involves constraining a free end of an overlapping portion of a first aluminum alloy workpiece against movement away from an underlying second aluminum alloy workpiece to counteract the thermally-induced forces that cause out-of-plane deformation of one or more of the aluminum alloy workpieces during laser welding. Such constraint of the free end of the first aluminum alloy workpiece may be accomplished by clamping, spot welding, or any other suitable practice. By constraining the free end of the first aluminum alloy workpiece, and thus inhibiting out-of-plane deformation of the aluminum alloy workpieces when laser welding is practiced in a nearby welding region, the occurrence of hot cracking is minimized or altogether eliminated in the final laser weld joint.

Abstract: A method of laser welding a workpiece stack-up that includes two or more overlapping metal workpieces is disclosed. The disclosed method includes directing a laser beam at a top surface of the workpiece stack-up to create a molten metal weld pool and, optionally, a keyhole, and further gyrating the laser beam to move a focal point of the laser beam along a helical path having a central helix axis oriented transverse to the top and bottom surfaces of the workpiece stack-up. The gyration of the laser beam may even be practiced to move the focal point of the laser beam along a plurality of helical paths so as to alternately convey the focal point back-and-forth in a first overall axial direction and a second overall axial direction while advancing the laser beam relative to the top surface of the workpiece stack-up along a beam travel pattern.

Abstract: A two-part mechanical fastener comprising an elongated body with a bore slidably carrying a mandrel adapted to interferingly engage the body is described. The fastener body has one or more protuberances on its exterior surface. In an aspect, the protuberances form a thread. The fastener is adapted to form an opening in, and penetrate, a stack of two or more workpieces. To secure the workpieces in the workpiece stack and form a robust joint, the fastener body is deformed by the mandrel, expanding the body, so that a body end engages a surface of the workpiece stack and the one or more protuberances are brought into engagement with the walls of the opening. Methods of using such a fastener to secure non-ferrous or polymer-based sheet-like workpieces to one another are disclosed.

Abstract: Products and methods are provided for inflatable structures. In various exemplary embodiments, an inflatable structure is provided with multiple variable chambers including a first variable chamber and a second variable chamber. A first boundary envelope defines the first variable chamber and a second boundary envelope defines the second variable chamber. The first and second boundary envelopes separate the first chamber from the second chamber. The first and second variable chambers are defined by an operative scale that may differ by an order of magnitude between the first and second variable chambers.

Abstract: A weld joint is disclosed that weld bonds together an aluminum workpiece and a steel workpiece. The weld joint includes an aluminum weld nugget, an intermetallic layer, and an annular ring of aluminide particles that is selected from the group consisting of nickel aluminide particles, iron aluminide particles, and a combination thereof. The annular ring of aluminide particles extends upwards from a weld bond surface of the weld joint such that the annular ring of aluminide particles extends radially inwardly into the aluminum weld nugget and protects the weld bond surface of the weld joint against crack propagation that may originate from a notch root of the weld joint.

Abstract: A method of resistance spot welding a workpiece stack-up comprising overlapping first and second steel workpieces is disclosed, wherein at least one of the steel workpieces comprises an advanced high-strength steel substrate. The workpiece stack-up is positioned between a pair of opposed first and second welding electrodes. A cover is disposed between at least one of the first steel workpiece and the first welding electrode or the second steel workpiece and the second welding electrode at an intended weld site. The workpiece stack-up is clamped between the first and second welding electrodes at the weld site such that at least one of the weld faces of the first and second welding electrodes presses against the cover. The first and second steel workpieces are welded together by passing an electrical current between the first and second welding electrodes at the weld site.

Abstract: An exemplary side impact system for a vehicle includes an energy absorption member including a first portion, a second portion, a third portion, and a fourth portion, the first and second portions connected by a first arcuate portion, the second and third portions connected by a second arcuate portion, and the third and fourth portions connected by a third arcuate portion such that the energy absorption member has a W-shaped cross-section and a load path distribution member. The load path distribution member is coupled to the energy absorption member at the first and third arcuate portions.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for operating a powertrain control system. The method includes receiving data measured from a plurality of sensors, the measured data relating to distance dependent speed values, and receiving information from one or more vehicle modules, the vehicle module information relating to distance independent speed values. The method further includes building a speed trajectory profile for a horizon window that includes a plurality of speed change regions represented by at least some distance dependent speed values or at least some distance independent speed values, and creating a synthesized speed profile for the horizon window by processing the speed trajectory profile. The synthesized speed profile optimizes efficiency of the powertrain control system at each of the plurality of speed change regions.

Abstract: Hybrid vehicles and methods of operating the same are disclosed. Example methods may include providing a powertrain for the vehicle, which includes an internal combustion engine configured to provide rotational power to a rotatable input of a transmission by way of a starting device, and an electric motor-generator comprising a rotor configured to selectively provide rotational power to the rotatable input. The method may further include selectively disconnecting the engine from the rotatable input using a disconnect device separate from the starting device, thereby allowing the rotatable input of the transmission to be driven at a speed faster than an output speed of the engine.

Abstract: Various technologies described herein pertain to generating an occupancy grid movie for utilization in motion planning for the autonomous vehicle. The occupancy grid movie can be generated for a given time and can include time-stepped occupancy grids for future times that are at predefined time intervals from the given time. The time-stepped occupancy grids include cells corresponding to regions in an environment surrounding the autonomous vehicle. Probabilities can be assigned to the cells specifying likelihoods that the regions corresponding to the cells are occupied at the future times. Moreover, cached query objects that respectively specify indices of cells of a grid occupied by a representation of an autonomous vehicle at corresponding orientations are described herein. An occupancy grid for the environment surrounding the autonomous vehicle can be queried to determine whether cells of the occupancy grid are occupied utilizing a cached query object from the cache query objects.

Abstract: A turbocharging system for an internal combustion engine includes a turbocharger having a shaft supported for rotation about an axis. The turbocharger also includes a turbine wheel mounted on the shaft and configured to be rotated about the axis by the exhaust gas, and a compressor assembly mounted on the shaft and configured to pressurize an airflow received from the ambient for delivery to the cylinder. The turbocharging system additionally includes an electric motor configured to generate electric motor torque. The turbocharging system further includes a one-way clutch configured to selectively connect the electric motor to the compressor assembly, such that the electric motor torque assists the turbocharger in generating boost pressure. An internal combustion engine employing such a turbocharging system is also disclosed.

Abstract: An exemplary system for monitoring and controlling evaporative emissions for a vehicle includes a first fuel vapor adsorption canister, a second fuel vapor adsorption canister, a first passage from the fuel supply to the first canister, a second passage from the first canister to the canister, the second passage including a first valve selectively actuatable from a first position to a second position, a third passage from the first and second canisters for venting the first and second canisters, a fourth passage connecting the second canister to the third passage, and a controller electrically connected to the first valve. Fuel vapor is routed to the first canister when a first condition is not satisfied and fuel vapor is routed to the second canister when the first condition is satisfied.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a position sensor includes calculating an absolute value of a sine signal and an absolute value of a cosine signal from the position sensor. At least one of the absolute value of the sine signal and the absolute value of the cosine signal is compared to a minimum threshold to determine if the at least one of the absolute value of the sine signal and the absolute value of the cosine signal is less than the minimum threshold, or if the at least one of the absolute value of the sine signal and the absolute value of the cosine signal is equal to or greater than the minimum threshold. A fault with the position sensor is indicated when the at least one of the absolute value of the sine signal and the absolute value of the cosine signal is less than the minimum threshold.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises an electrolyte capable of facilitating ion transfer between an anode and a cathode. A method for identifying and/or characterizing a soft short in an electrochemical cell comprises cooling the electrochemical cell to an observation temperature at which inter-electrolyte ion migration is substantially inhibited, observing the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the electrochemical cell at the observation temperature for a period of time, and determining the presence of a soft short in the electrochemical cell if the OCV reaches a minimum threshold voltage prior to the expiration of the period of time. The method can optionally further include generating an impedance spectrum for the cell via potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PETS) at or below the observation temperature, and defining the cell leakage resistance as the maximum impedance limit of the impedance spectrum. The observation temperature can comprise the glass transition temperature of the electrolyte.

Abstract: Methods of charging a vehicle battery pack are disclosed. Example methods may include determining a voltage imbalance between at least two parallel strings of a battery pack exceeds a threshold magnitude. Methods may further include electrically reducing the voltage imbalance between the at least two parallel strings using a series circuit including a first group of one or more of the battery cells of a first one of the parallel strings, and reconnecting the parallel strings in an electrical circuit in parallel to each other, in which configuration the strings of the battery pack may supply power to the vehicle.

Abstract: A supplier network device is provided and includes a supplier processor and memory that stores a credential package including information for a chip or a vehicle control module (VCM). The supplier processor: receives ID and signature public keys from the chip, where the ID and signature public keys correspond respectively to private keys stored in the chip; transmit the ID and signature public keys to a certificate authority processor of a vehicle manufacturer data center; and receive the credential package including signing certificates from the certificate authority processor prior to assembling the VCM. The supplier processor: reads the ID public key from the VCM subsequent to incorporating the chip in the VCM; identifies the credential package based on the ID public key; and based on the identifying of the credential package, programs the VCM with the signing certificates prior to installation of the vehicle control module in a vehicle.