Russian History

29 июня 1849 года-145 лет назад родился человек, которого последний русский самодержец ненавидел больше всех «Час пик», 29.06.1994 г. № 25 (225) Николай II не умел говорить людям в лицо «нет!» и поэтому терпеть не мог назойливы собеседников. Кроме того, он искренне возмущался чужим лицемерием, полагая, вероятно, что прерогатива быть не до конца откровенным дарована в России одному лишь самодержцу. А уж если человек одновременно оказывался хитрым, как лиса, и нахрапистым, как кабан,-относиться к такому человеку последний русский император мог только как к врагу. Именно таким человеком был Сергей Юльевич Витте, которому в 1905 году ненавидящий его самодержец пожаловал титул графа. Легенда о Витте Имя С.Ю. Витте (1849-1915)-одна из крупных козырных карт в той политической игре, которая разворачивается сегодня между «реформаторами» и «консерваторами».

A French Ritual, “Le Chevalier du Temple,” claims Templar Masonry descended from the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre and perpetuated the Order through Freemasonry. The Ritual outlines the Templars’ history, their survival after proscription, and their use of Masonic Degrees to test candidates. It emphasizes the Templars’ commitment to restoring the Order and upholding Christian values.

The Strict Observance, a Masonic Rite claiming Templar origins, emerged in Germany between 1751 and 1755. Its influence spread throughout Continental Masonry, impacting degrees like the Swedish Rite’s Master of the Temple. Despite its claims, the Strict Observance’s lack of substantiation led to its downfall, replaced by the Rectified Rite, which retained a spiritual connection to Templar Chivalry.

The English Military and Religious Order, likely of British origin, is first mentioned in American records from 1769. Despite its Templar roots, the Order’s rituals, emphasizing pilgrimage and Christian chivalry, lack historical claims or Masonic origins. The author, acquainted with nine codices, highlights the Order’s enduring appeal as an allegory for human life’s journey towards spiritual fulfillment.

The issues of quotidian conduct and the symbolism of nutrition have hitherto been addressed principally in works dedicated to relatively distant epochs. Utilising the materials of the Ural provinces of
the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, this article examines the socio-cultural and political circumstances in which the practices of food and alcohol consumption acquired political meaning. The study places particular emphasis on the symbolic meaning of alcohol and associated practices, as well as the symbolic
meaning of various dishes, their role and place in self-identification, in forming the image of the enemy and in politicising everyday life in the ideas of contemporaries — activists of the opposing political parties of Russia in the early 20th century. Participants in far-right and far-left political organizations frequently exhibited a similar stereotypical perception of their political opponents, adhering to the same criteria.
Проблематика бытового поведения и символики питания затрагивалась до сих пор
в основном в работах, посвященных относительно отдаленным эпохам. В этой статье по материалам
уральских губерний Российской империи начала ХХ века рассматриваются социокультурные и политические обстоятельства, в рамках которых практики потребления пищи и алкоголя приобретали политический смысл. В центре внимания оказываются восприятие алкоголя, а также практик, связанных
с потреблением пищи, символическое значение различных блюд, их роль и место в самоидентификации,
в формировании образа врага и в политизации повседневности в представлениях современников — активистов противоборствующих политических партий России начала ХХ в. Участники крайне правых
и крайне левых политических организаций зачастую демонстрировали совпадающее стереотипное восприятие своих политических оппонентов по одним и тем же параметрам.

The issues of quotidian conduct and the symbolism of nutrition have hitherto been addressed principally in works dedicated to relatively distant epochs. Utilising the materials of the Ural provinces of
the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, this article examines the socio-cultural and political circumstances in which the practices of food and alcohol consumption acquired political meaning. The study places particular emphasis on the symbolic meaning of alcohol and associated practices, as well as the symbolic
meaning of various dishes, their role and place in self-identification, in forming the image of the enemy and in politicising everyday life in the ideas of contemporaries — activists of the opposing political parties of Russia in the early 20th century. Participants in far-right and far-left political organizations frequently exhibited a similar stereotypical perception of their political opponents, adhering to the same criteria.
Проблематика бытового поведения и символики питания затрагивалась до сих пор
в основном в работах, посвященных относительно отдаленным эпохам. В этой статье по материалам
уральских губерний Российской империи начала ХХ века рассматриваются социокультурные и политические обстоятельства, в рамках которых практики потребления пищи и алкоголя приобретали политический смысл. В центре внимания оказываются восприятие алкоголя, а также практик, связанных
с потреблением пищи, символическое значение различных блюд, их роль и место в самоидентификации,
в формировании образа врага и в политизации повседневности в представлениях современников — активистов противоборствующих политических партий России начала ХХ в. Участники крайне правых
и крайне левых политических организаций зачастую демонстрировали совпадающее стереотипное восприятие своих политических оппонентов по одним и тем же параметрам.

В публикацию Н.Ю. Пивоварова и К.В. Сак включены письмо писателя К.М. Симонова Н.С. Хрущеву и другие документы РГАНИ 1963-1967 гг., связанные с созданием спецфонда в ЦПА ИМЭЛ при ЦК КПСС, в котором хранились воспоминания осужденных в годы сталинских репрессий.

This thesis explores the role of dehumanisation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus from 1802 to 1864.
The goals of this research include; exploring how the conquest of the Caucasus necessitated the dehumanisation of the indigenous population, how dehumanising rhetoric was constructed from the building blocks of European enlightenment ideology and that the Russian colonial machine appropriated numerous sections of Russian society, moulding them into organs of imperialism and used them to create and disseminate dehumanising rhetoric about the inhabitants of the Caucasus, which lay the groundwork for ethnic cleansing.
This research found that Russia’s ethnic cleansing campaign was built upon decades of dehumanising rhetoric and justifications from multiple organs of the Russian empire, some systematic and others through negligence and un-informed opinion. The ideology of the European enlightenment played a key role in the formulation of the dehumanising tropes. Orientalisation acted as both a tool of dehumanisation and as a justifying force for the conquest. Although there is a clear inconsistency with Russian policy and representations of the Caucasus, dehumanisation is an unambiguous throughline. The Caucasus’s Indigenous inhabitants were reduced down to stereotypes, conventionalised and homogenised as to make them understandable to Russia. The ethnic cleansing of the Adyghe in 1864 was the logical end point of this process.

Очередной виток истории государства Российского, похоже, начинается с очередного похода на Крым. Правда, в отличие от всех предыдущих, данный поход пока что осуществляется преимущественно «парламентскими средствами». Есть и ещё одна отличительная деталь: до сих пор великороссы и малороссы (не говоря уже об их общих предках эпохи Святослава Игоревича и Владимира-Красное Солнышко) ходили на Крым единым восточнославянским блоком, даже последний из известных истории таких походов-1920 года-не обошёлся без самого непосредственного участия украинцев, возглавляемых батькой Махно. Нынешняя же распря, судя по всему, грозит надолго перессорить многовековых братьев-союзников. Многочисленные сторонники нынешней позиции российского парламента, предполагающей пересмотр решения 1954 года о передаче Крыма Украине, рассуждают не вполне одинаково. Часть из них говорит, что просто хочет «попугать» Кравчука, чтобы обеспечить Ельцину более твердую почву в слегка затянувшейся межпрезидентской тяжбе по вопросу о Черноморском флоте. Другие же, наоборот, хотят воспользоваться флотской проблемой лишь как средством скорейшего возвращения Крыма в лоно российской государственности.

İngiliz ve Harici Kutsal Kitap Cemiyeti (İHKC), 1804 yılında Londra'da Hristiyanlığın yayılmasını ve Kutsal Kitap (Kitab-ı Mukaddes) çevirisi ile dağıtımını amaçlayan bir organizasyon olarak kuruldu. Cemiyet dünya genelindeki misyonerlik faaliyetlerini hızlandırmak için tercümanlar ve kolportörler (gezici kitapçılar) aracılığıyla Kutsal Kitap'ın farklı dillere çevrilmesini ve yayılmasını sağladı. Türkistan 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru cemiyetin faaliyet gösterdiği bölgelerden oldu. Çarlık Rusya'nın bu bölgedeki siyasi hâkimiyeti ve İHKC'nin Rus hükûmeti ile kurduğu yakın ilişkiler cemiyetin Türkistan'da geniş çaplı kolportörlük ağları kurmasını kolaylaştırdı. Bölgeye gelen misyonerler, yerel dillere çevrilmiş Kutsal Kitap'ları dağıtarak Hristiyanlık öğretisinin yayılmasına katkı sağladı. İHKC, Çarlık Rusya'nın politik çıkarları doğrultusunda misyonerlik faaliyetlerini genişletti. Cemiyetin bölgedeki faaliyetleri Çarlık Rusya'nın Türkistan'daki sosyal politikalarından bir tanesi olan dinî propaganda ve misyonerlik çalışmalarına katkı sağladı. Bu çalışmada, İHKC'nin Türkistan'daki faaliyetleri, Çarlık Rusya'nın bölgedeki siyasi gücü ve İHKC'nin kuruluş amacı bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca kolportörlük yapan misyonerlerle din tebliği yapan misyonerler arasındaki eylem farklılıkları üzerinden İHKC'ye bağlı kolportörlerin Türkistan'daki vaziyetleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmada İHKC'nin yıllık raporları, kolportörlere ait kişisel notlar ve konu ile ilgili yabancı arşiv belgelerinden faydalanılmıştır.

ровка магистральнаго Сибирскаго пути въ Забайкальской области Г. Ш. шт.-кап. Грулева. Предварительный отчетъ объ экспеднціи въ Бол. Хинганъ Г. Ш. Полковника Путята, съ замѣткой Поручика Бородовскаго о флорѣ и фаунѣ страны. Дислокація афганскихъ войскъ. Укрѣплееія Тальенвана. ЙЗДАНІЕ ВОЕННО-УЧЕНАГО КОМИТЕТА Г. 1АВНАГ0 ШТАБА, С.-ПЕТЕРБУ РГЪ. Военная типографія (въ зданіи Главнаго Штаба). *) Вѣроятно Ришъ на нашихъ и прежияго изданія англійскихъ картахъ.

Introduction. The achievements and failures of the Soviet government aimed at combating Volga region famine in 1921-1922 had an impact on social policy in the first decade of the Soviet state. The study of the experience of social policy in relation to families and children evacuated from the Volga region is becoming especially relevant in modern conditions of searching for effective forms of social assistance to families trapped in areas of natural disasters and military conflicts. Methods and materials. The publication is based on numerous archival records, which contain documents on the organization of social work with families and children of the Volga region, resettled in 1921-1923 in the Smolensk province. The key methods were source analysis, methods of everyday history, and microhistory. The documents of the funds of the provincial and district commissions for helping the starving in the Volga region and the provincial and district health departments of the State Archives of the Smolensk region were studied. Analysis. The Сentrally developed plan for the evacuation of refugees went out of control in the first months due to a lack of local funds and an uncontrolled flow of refugees. The main efforts in the region were thrown at the organization of social work with evacuated children. Working with arriving children has become a serious test for local authorities. All financial costs for the maintenance of refugees fell on the region. The number of children who arrived in the province exceeded the planned values by more than 2 times. For the first time in the region, a new model of charity was tested, which consisted of the mass and mandatory participation of all groups of the population and foreign organizations. The main methods of working with children were placing them in specialized orphanages, opening sectoral orphanages, insulators and distributors, and placing children in foster families. The forced abandonment of children by refugee parents in order to save them from starvation has become widespread. Temporary delivery of children to peasant families for agricultural work was practiced. Bureaucratic mistakes, interdepartmental inconsistency, and local negligence led to poor provision of children with food, clothing, and medical care. Indirect data indicate high infant mortality. Many children remained in shelters in Smolensk and were not re-evacuated. Results. The archival material of the Smolensk region showed the difficulties of practical implementation of the plan of assistance to resettled families developed by the central authorities, the need for a flexible approach on the ground, and taking into account regional specifics. Funding.

The article provides discussion of the Georgian Society Shevardeni („შევარდენი“–  “Falcon” in Georgian) founded in 1918, in Tbilisi, similar to Crzeh Society Sokol (“Falcon”)  founded in Prague  in 1862 by the Crzeh philosopher, art historian and spoirts organizer Miroslav Tyrš /born Friedrich Emanuel Tirsch (17 IX 1832 – 8 XII 1884), this was not only a sports organization, regarding its involvement in such spheres, as philosophy, various arts, belletristics, political sciences, medicine… the society strived to strengthen friendship between peoples and revival of the national spirit…
    Shevardeni was established by Georgian mathematician, metallurgist, one of the founders of the Georgian Geographical Society and athlete Giorgi Nikoladze (11 XII 1888 – 5 II 1931) together with other Athletes: Giorgi Egnatashvili /Ignatiev/ (12 III 1885 – 16 I 1962), Gaioz Berelashvili (1 X 1892 – 1 X 1937), Tamar Nikoladze (1892 – 1939), Davit Javrishvili (17 I – 21 XI 1971) etc. According to the article, just like Sokol,        Shevardeni was not a purely sports society and its purpose was dissemination of the moral-oriented philosophy and original esthetics related to many arts (painting, poetry, choreography, music...), members of the Society were closely related to the spheres of medicine, social and political sciences. Similar to Sokol, worldview of Shevardeni was mentally close to the ancient Hellenic world, in particular, with Kalokagathia. 
    Shevardeni had time to publish quite limited literature, but these publications demonstrate that  many Georgian poets, painters, musicians, publicists (Shio Mgvimeli /Kuchukashvili [12 II 1866 – 29 XII 1933], Sezman Ertatsmindeli /Batkuashvili [25 XI 1888 – 24 VI 1944], Mikel Pataridze [5 IV 1895 – 7 VII 1959], Ioane Kipiani [1893 – 1948], Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi [20 VI 1889 – 9 VI 1943], Evgeni Mikeladze [27 VI 1903 – 1937], Soso  Aslanishvili [27 I 1891 – 11 XI 1955] etc.) collaborated with Shevardeni and esthetics, close to ancient Hellenic and Czech Sokol, gradually established in their art. For Shevardeni, similar to Sokol from Prague, revival of the national spirit was one of the main goals, Hellenic and Czech Sokol esthetics influenced members and followers of Shevardeni but they intended to develop this esthetics on the basis of Georgian national soil (they have created the Society’s anthem relying on the national spirit, also Georgian logotypes, national sportswear etc.). They had no time to fully realize their ideas. Shevardeni was founded in 25 XII 1918 and, supposedly, for alleged nationalism, it was terminated by the Soviet government in 3 XI 1922.
    It is known that in Tsarist Russia, which, before 1918, included Georgia, there was adopted the first charter of Russian Gymnastic Society on 4 May 1883; according to the document, maintained at the National Archive of Georgia (17-1-677), the charter of the organization with the same name was adopted on 18 March 1881 and thus, in our opinion, the society registered in Tiflis (Tbilisi) should be regarded one of as the first gymnastic organizations established in Russian Empire and directly subordinated to the state (naturally, we should not forget the contribution of those Russian and foreign gymnasts working in Russia, which have established their gymnastic groups, thus promoting development of gymnastics in the country...); Sokol societies established in 1907, in Tbilisi and Moscow were created on the basis of the gymnastic organizations existing in these cities and hence,  it can be said in our opinion that Sokol Movement at the highest state level in Tsarist Russia began in 1881, in Tbilisi...

I assess the role of wealth and systemic risk in explaining future asset returns. I show that the residuals of the trend relationship among asset wealth and human wealth predict both stock returns and government bond yields. Using data for a set of industrialized countries, I find that when the wealth-to-income ratio falls, investors demand a higher risk premium for stocks. As for government bond returns: (i) when they are seen as a component of asset wealth, investors react in the same manner; (ii) if, however, investors perceive the increase in government bond returns as signalling a future rise in taxes or a deterioration of public finances, then investors interpret the fall in the wealth-to-income ratio as a fall in future bond premia. Finally, I show that the occurrence of crises episodes (in particular, systemic crises) amplifies the transmission of housing market shocks to financial markets and the banking sector.

Without much notice from Western commentators, during the past half a decade, the Kremlin's propagandists have begun pushing a new myth about Russia's greatness. They claim that Russian is Europe's most widely spoken native language. On the other hand, Moscow decries the supposedly endangered status of Russian across the continent. Propaganda Weaponized In this age of Russia's full-scale military onslaught on Ukraine and parallel hybrid assaults on the rest of Europe, propaganda is like yet another missile, drone or ballistic rocket. It does not raze Ukrainian cities or perpetrate arson attacks. But misinformation sows confusion and devastates critical thinking, thus, playing into the aggressive Kremlin's hands. Lies, big lies, statistics and propaganda, or the Kremlin's Pravda 'truth,' which used to be the mendacious title of the Soviet Union's main daily mouthpiece. Russia 'justifies' its war on Ukraine, claiming that neither the Ukrainian language, nation nor state exist. On the other hand, the Kremlin decries russophobia allegedly spreading in Ukraine and elsewhere in Europe. As though the growing anti-Russian sentiment had nothing to do with restive Russia and its program of neo-imperial reconquista. The slogan is 'Like our grandfathers in World War II, we will win in Ukraine' and then in Europe.

Грефенштейн А.К. Определитель гербов как гипотеза // Signum / Центр гербоведческих и генеалогических исследований; Институт всеобщей истории РАН. Отв. ред. А.П. Черных. Вып. 14. М.: ИВИ РАН, 2024. C. 235–255.

Попытка теоретического осмысления возможного инструмента для учёта и систематизации геральдических памятников (объектов), призванного стать основой для построения гербового определителя «от изображения к владельцу».

Carlik Rusya’si zamaninda Dogu Turkistan tarihi uzerine incelemelerde bulunan onemli bilim adamlari yetismistir. Bu bilim adamlarindan biri Tumgeneral Vasiliy Fedorovic Novitskiy’dir. Kendisi iyi bir asker olan Novitskiy, ayni zamanda iyi bir tarihci ve etnograftir.  Hindistan’dan Fergana’ya seyahati esnasinda kaleme almis oldugu Iz indii vi Ferganu adli eserinde ozellikle 19. yuzyilin son donemlerine dair Dogu Turkistan tarihi hakkinda vermis oldugu bilgilerle bu alandaki incelemelere buyuk katki saglamistir. Bu makalede Tumgeneral Vasiliy Fedorovic Novitskiy’in hayati, eserleri ve Dogu Turkistan cografyasi hakkinda verdigi bilgiler aktarilmak suretiyle bu alandaki calismalara katkida bulunulmaya calisilmistir.

Japon yönetmen Akira Kurosawa, sinemayı yalnızca bir anlatım aracı olarak değil; aynı zamanda etik, felsefi ve varoluşsal sorunların sinematografik karşılığı olarak kullanan öncü bir figürdür. Bu makalede Kurosawa'nın film dilinde öne çıkan anlatı yapısı, kamera kullanımı, doğa temsili, mekân estetiği, renk ve ışık seçimi, müzik-ses ilişkisi gibi unsurlar detaylı biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Rashomon (1950), Ikiru (1952) ve Seven Samurai (1954) gibi başyapıtlar aracılığıyla Kurosawa'nın biçimsel tercihlerinin tematik derinlikle nasıl örtüştüğü gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca yönetmenin hem Japon sinema geleneği hem de Batı klasikleriyle kurduğu çift yönlü ilişkiler de karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

This briefing synthesizes insights from the provided sources, focusing on the current Ukrainian policy of "Ukrainization," its motivations and criticisms, and a surprising historical comparison to the 1968 Prague Spring. The sources identify the current Ukrainian policy of "Ukrainization" as a complex and sensitive topic, particularly since 2014 and intensified after the 2022 invasion. This policy aims to strengthen national identity and is seen by some as a "comprehensible, perhaps even necessary reaction to an existential threat." A. Core Objectives: 1. Strengthening National Unity: • Promotion of the Ukrainian language (e.g., the 2019 language law). • Decommunization: Renaming streets and places, removing Soviet symbols. • Data suggests a "recht hohe Selbstidentifikation als Ukrainer" (quite high selfidentification as Ukrainians), indicating a drive to foster a stronger collective identity ("Wirgefühl schaffen"). 1. Repelling Russian Influence: • Banning of Russian media (since 2014) is cited as a key instrument. • Support for a pro-Russian course is reported to have significantly decreased to "nur noch etwa 3 %" (only about 3%). • Figures from 2023 show "über 80% Unterstützung für einen EU-und NATOBitritt" (over 80% support for EU and NATO accession). • Considered a "reine Notwendigkeit" (pure necessity) in the context of the ongoing war. While the goals are acknowledged, the sources shift to a critical analysis of the methods employed, warning of "Riesigen bei der Umsetzung" (risks in implementation). A. Criticisms of Methods: 1. Mobilization: • Criticism of recruitment centers (TTCs), with a Polish document reportedly drawing "Vergleiche zu den Lapki, also den Ratzien im Zweiten Weltkrieg" (comparisons to the "Lapki," or raids, in World War II) -a "sehr drastischer Vergleich" (very drastic comparison). • Attempts to evade mobilization are highlighted, with a BBC report (August 2023) stating "fast 20.000 Männern, die versucht haben sollen, illegal auszureisen" (almost 20,000 men who allegedly tried to leave illegally).

In the late 18th century, High-Grade Masonry in France incorporated occult sciences like Alchemy, Astrology, and Animal Magnetism. The Rite of Elect Priests, led by Don Martines de Pasqually, emerged as a unique and important occult order. This Rite, distinct from traditional Masonry, emphasized spiritual knowledge and practical occult procedures aimed at personal and collective reintegration with the Divine.

The Rite of Elect Priests, led by Martines de Pasqually, experienced a manifestation of the Christ of Nazareth, known as the “Unknown Agent,” who taught hidden wisdom behind Christian doctrine. After Pasqually’s death in 1774, the Rite faced paralysis, but his disciple Willermoz continued the teachings, leading to the Unknown Agent’s reappearance in 1785. The Rite ultimately succumbed to the French Revolution, with half of the dictated record destroyed to prevent its misuse.

The Abbé Foumié, a disciple of Pasqually, experienced recurring mediumship, including visions of Pasqually, his parents, Jesus, and Mary. His experiences, while veridic, are indistinguishable from natural vision and mediumistic phenomena, and the identity of the “Unknown Agent” remains uncertain.

Струве П.Б. Великая Россия. Избранные сочинения (1901–1938) / сост., предисл., коммент. М. А. Колерова. Калининград: Издательство БФУ им. И. Канта, 2024. 

Вниманию читателя предлагается сборник избранных трудов Пе тра Бернгардовича Струве (1870–1944) —  авторитетного русского политика, экономиста, философа, государственного деятеля, участника Белого движения. Главное в наследии П. Б. Струве —  попытка соединить либеральные ценности с программой государственного строительства, сформулировать принципы политического национализма. Настоящее издание композиционно реконструирует такие не получившие реализацию книжные проекты П. Б. Струве, как очерки «Культура и свобода» (1905), «Государство, интеллигенция, революция» (1908), монография «Основы политической экономии» (1923). Также представлен ряд особенно ярких научных трудов П. Б. Струве эмигрантского периода, посвященных Античности и Средневековью.

ровка магистральнаго Сибирскаго пути въ Забайкальской области Г. Ш. шт.-кап. Грулева. Предварительный отчетъ объ экспеднціи въ Бол. Хинганъ Г. Ш. Полковника Путята, съ замѣткой Поручика Бородовскаго о флорѣ и фаунѣ страны. Дислокація афганскихъ войскъ. Укрѣплееія Тальенвана. ЙЗДАНІЕ ВОЕННО-УЧЕНАГО КОМИТЕТА Г. 1АВНАГ0 ШТАБА, С.-ПЕТЕРБУ РГЪ. Военная типографія (въ зданіи Главнаго Штаба). 1892. ') Напечатано въ январьской книгѣ (1892 г.) "Proceedings of the royal geographical society". 1 -L ') Киргизы называютъ это озеро Газъ-Куль иди Гусиное, вслѣдствіе того> -что туда прилетаютъ браминскіе гуси. ') Мостъ состоитъ изъ трехъ перетянутыхъ съ берега на берегъ канатовъ; по нижнему канату идѵтъ, а два верхніе служатъ перилами.

This thesis seeks to demonstrate the extent to which secularizing tendencies are present in Russian vitae of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to examine what role these tendencies play in the evolution of sacred life-writing and also consider how they reflect changing perceptions of and attitudes towards sanctity. By the later medieval period, Russian hagiographical writing had evolved beyond the primarily edificatory goals of the early Russian Orthodox Church, and had become a more varied and sophisticated literary medium used to great effect by the hagiographer to present a political, legal, socio-cultural or ideological message which was distinctly secular in nature. Despite the continuing ideological constraints of the Church, hagiographers succeeded in manipulating and refashioning the established patterns of traditional rhetorical vitae in order to express more powerfully an opinion on a variety of non-ecclesiastical affairs. Several native Russian vitae dating to the ...

В статье характеризуется динамика оплаты труда в сфере науки на протяжении
советского периода. Выдвигается гипотеза, что изменения заработной платы,
закрепленные в нормативных документах, отражают долговременные тенденции научной политики и осознанные решения власти по распределению ресурсов между различными группами (квалификационными, территориальными, представителями академической, вузовской, отраслевой науки и т. п.). Характеризуя изменения, автор приходит к следующим выводам: 1) в советской науке доминировала линия не на индивидуальное поощрение конкретного научного работника, а на поддержку научных коллективов, аффилированных с сектором (академический, вузовский, отраслевой) и конкретной организацией (в зависимости от присвоенной научной категории); 2) процессы стратификации советского научного сообщества носили скрытый характер и предполагали отсутствие конкурентного распределения ресурсов — периодические попытки стимулирования индивидуальной эффективности ученых имели «наказующий», а не «поощрительный» характер; 3) регулирование заработной платы оказывалось не вполне эффективным инструментом научной политики в условиях несовпадения реальной и номинальной заработной платы в сфере науки, инфляционных процессов, разницы товарной стоимости рубля для различных групп, непрозрачности советской экономики. В этом отношении оценка принципа материального стимулирования труда в науке должна носить комплексный характер, учитывать весь спектр практик не только финансового, но и социально-бытового обеспечения науки. Исследование построено на широком круге источников из фондов Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Российского государственного архива новейшей
истории, в том числе впервые вводимых в научный оборот

В статье исследуется становление процедуры защит диссертаций с ограничительными грифами («секретно», «совершенно секретно», «совершенно секретно особой государственной важности» и «особая папка») в 1950-е гг. В качестве основных причин внимания системы научной аттестации к этому сюжету в послевоенный период автор указывает на усиление цензуры, увеличение количества диссертаций на «закрытые» темы и лаконичность правовой базы-в условиях неразработанности последней не обеспечивалось требование соблюдения секретности. В 1950-е гг. Отделом науки и высших учебных заведений ЦК ВКП(б)-КПСС были подготовлены Положение и Инструкция о порядке представления и защиты кандидатских и докторских диссертаций с грифом, определён перечень вузов и научных учреждений, установлен порядок хранения работ и определён круг доступа к ним. В основу исследования положены документы РГАНИ и РГАСПИ.

Статья посвящена проблемам взаимоотношений между Церковью и великокняжеской властью в Московском государстве начала XVI в. Автор сосредотачивает внимание на фигуре Вассиана Санина, архиепископа Ростовского (на кафедре в 1506–1515 гг.). Сквозь призму его деятельности рассматриваются процессы внутрицерковной жизни и их влияние на отношения с верховной властью.

Статья рассказывает о малоисследованной теме организации нефтепоисковых работ в Советской Арктике, как части инфраструктурного проекта по освоению Северного морского пути в 1933 – 1953 гг. На основе широкого круга архивных источников, многие из которых впервые вводятся в научный оборот, рассматриваются организационный, научно-методический, транспортно-логистический, технологический и экономический факторы, обуславливавшие ход поисков нефти в суровых природно-климатических условия отдаленных районов Крайнего Севера.
Ключевые слова: Арктика, геологоразведка, нефть, Главсевморпуть, Всесоюзный Арктический институт, НИИ геологии Арктики, «Арктикнефтеразведка»

The year 1918 brought radical changes to the map of Europe. It is the year when old empires disappeared, giving way to national states. In this context, the Union of Bessarabia with Romania took place on March 27/April 9, 1918, a significant event for Romanian society. Due to the harsh conditions imposed by the war and the closure or censorship of numerous Romanian publications in Transylvania and Banat, not many news reports about the Union emerged in these regions. However, upon analyzing the press of Arad, we find intriguing information about various events or personalities active in Bessarabia after the Union. The analysis of these articles and the way they were written reveals the realities and the rapid, profound changes Romanian society experienced throughout 1918. Keywords: press, Arad, Union, Bessarabia, culture.
ȘTIRI DESPRE BASARABIA ÎN PRESA ROMÂNEASCĂ ARĂDEANĂ A ANULUI 1918
Anul 1918 a provocat schimbări radicale pe harta Europei. Este anul în care dispar vechile imperii, iar în locul lor apar state naționale. În acest context a avut loc și Unirea Basarabiei cu România pe 27 martie/9 aprilie 1918, un eveniment important pentru întreaga societate românească. Din cauza condițiilor dure impuse de război și a desființării sau cenzurării a numeroase publicații românești din Transilvania și Banat, aici nu au apărut știri numeroase despre Unire, dar analizând presa arădeană constatăm că după aceea au apărut informații interesante despre diferite evenimente sau personalități care activau în Basarabia. Analiza acestor articole și a modului în care au fost scrise este o dovadă a realităților și a schimbărilor rapide și profunde prin care a trecut societatea românească pe parcursul anului 1918.
Cuvinte-cheie: presă, Arad, Unire, Basarabia, cultură.

Nei secoli XVIII e XIX le cantanti-compositrici solevano scrivere soprattutto brani vocali per valorizzare la propria voce nei loro numerosi concerti privati ed esercizi didattici per meglio preparare i loro allievi. Ad alcune di esse fu concesso l'onore di entrare, a vario titolo,

The thesis "Development of the Baptismal Rite and its Theological Emphases in the Czechoslovak Hussite Church" deals with an evolution of baptismal rite (including confirmation) in the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. This thesis presents also main characteristic of the evolution of the fundamental elements of the baptismal rite within the Western liturgical tradition and includes the fundamental theological issues related to the baptism and confirmation in the CHC. The first aim of this thesis is the characteristic of the baptismal rite in the CHC and its evolution from the year 1920 until today. The second aim is the presentation of the basic theological topics related to the baptism and confirmation in the CHC. These aims are achieved through an analysis and comparison of individual baptismal rites, dogmatic documents and academic publications. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org

Dogu Akdenz'n stratejk br noktasinda bulunan Kibris, tarh boyunca pek cok medenyete ve topluma ev sahplg yapmis ve her alanda onemn hcbr zaman kaybetmemstr. Akdenz'n ortasinda caglar boyunca Misirlilardan cestl Arap kavmlerne, Selcukludan Turk Beylklerne, Arslan Yurekl Rchard'dan Luzgnan Tapinak Şovalyelerne, Bzans'tan Osmanli'ya kadar pek cok medenyetn, mll etn ve kavmn saldirilarina maruz kalmis Kibris adasi, ayni seklde tarhn her devresnde gocler ve sorunlar adasi olarak anilmistir.  Dogu Akdenz'de var olmanin ozet olan Kibris, stratejk olarak oneml lman kentler olan Lazkye,  Antakya ve Tarsus yerlesm yerlernn elden ele dolasmasinda mutlak surette katki saglamistir. Bazen asker us olarak, bazen de lojstk destek merkez konumunda ve en onemls de zorda kalanlarin siginagi olmustur.  Islâm ordulari, Hz. Osman donemnde Surye bolges komutani Muavye'nn baslattigi denzlere de hâkm olma syasetnn br gosterges olarak Kibris adasina MS 648-649 tarhnde cikarma yapm...

This year marks the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of “Marx, Hayek, and Utopia” and “Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical” — the first two books of my “Dialectics and Liberty Trilogy.” This year also marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of the trilogy’s finale: “Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism.” This anniversary speaks not to a past achievement but to the present moment — and to the future of any movement dedicated to the creation and sustenance of a free society. I’m marking these anniversaries by summarizing each of these books and reflecting on their contributions to the scholarly literature. I also consider their implications — and what I might have done differently, if the books were published today.

This interdisciplinary volume explores the relationship between history and a range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences: economics, political science, political theory, international relations, sociology, philosophy, law, literature and anthropology. The relevance of historical approaches within these disciplines has shifted over the centuries. Many of them, like law and economics, originally depended on self-consciously historical procedures. These included the marshalling of evidence from past experience, philological techniques and source criticism. Between the late nineteenth and the middle of the twentieth centuries, the influence of new methods of research, many indebted to models favoured by the natural sciences, such as statistical, analytical or empirical approaches, secured an expanding intellectual authority while the hegemony of historical methods declined in relative terms. In the aftermath of this change, the essays collected in History in the Humanities and Social Sciences reflect from a variety of angles on the relevance of historical concerns to representative disciplines as they are configured today.

o Słów parę o rodzinie Raczyńskich str. 162 W trakcie dalszych badań nad rodziną de Verny znalazłam wiele materiału poszerzającego opisany wcześniej temat. Obecny stan wiedzy pozwolił na weryfikację wielu dotychczasowych wniosków. Stąd zdecydowałam się na opublikowanie nowej wersji poprzedniej historii. Nazwisko rodziny ewoluowało. Początkowo brzmiało Chevalier (de Chevalier) do pokolenia Nicolasa Antoine Chevalier, a później de Verny od pokolenia jego syna Gabriela Antoine de Verny, od okresu, kiedy znalazł się w Polsce. Z początkiem 1778 r. Gabriel Antoni baron de Verny wicehrabia d'Abbeville osiedlił się tu z krewnym Mikołajem Antonim baronem de Verny Géraud i to ich historia była inspiracją do napisania niniejszej publikacji.

В КОНЦЕ XIX-НАЧАЛЕ XX ВВ. Аннотация. В статье исследуются различные виды промыслов, которыми занимались кочевники-казахи Семиреченской области в конце XIXначале XX вв. Анализ основывается на данных статистического кадастрового исторического источника «Материалы по обследованию туземного и русского старожильческого хозяйства и землепользования…» (далее МКЗ). Автором рассмотрены сельскохозяйственные, торговые, ремесленные, свободные, кустарные и другие виды промыслов в Джаркентском, Лепсинском, Верненском и Копальском уездах. Показано что промыслами в уездах занимались от 3 до 15% кочевого населения. Используя статистику, демонстрируется, что в промыслах участвовали небольшое количество подростков и женщин, причем число подростков значительно превышало число женщин. Показано, почему и для чего в исследовании доходы от промыслов приводятся не только в рублях, но и домашнем скоте (овцах). Проведены расчеты доходов от промыслов на каждую семью и каждого члена по уездам, которые показывают, что основным источником доходов были сельскохозяйственные промыслы (пастухи, батраки, чернорабочие, табунщики, пахари, жнецы, косари, погонщики и так далее) то есть автор прямо доказывает скотоводческую направленность жизнедеятельности жителей области. Ключевые слова. Статистика, кочевники, уезды, промыслы, заработки. Введение. В конце XIX -начале XX веков казахи Семиреченской области, как и большинство кочевых народов Центральной Азии, продолжали вести традиционный образ жизни, основывая свою экономику на скотоводстве и земледелии. Эти виды деятельности составляли основу их хозяйства, обеспечивая не только продовольственную безопасность, но и стабильный доход. В это же время в регионе начали развиваться и другие виды промыслов, которые становились важной частью жизни кочевого населения. Согласно переписи 1897 года, большинство казахов региона зависело от скотоводства и земледелия, однако промыслы постепенно становились значимым источником дохода для многих семей (около 80% казахов зависели в своей жизнедеятельности от скотоводства, 15% -от скотоводства и земледелия, и только несколько процентов занимались исключительно земледелием). Несмотря на обилие трудов, посвященных скотоводству и земледелию, промыслы освещены значительно реже, и их влияние на общее социально-экономическое положение кочевого населения исследовано недостаточно.

Në fillim të vitit 2024, një çmim i ri për letërsinë ruse të pavarur (émigré) u themelua në Zvicër. Me kaq shumë autorë dhe librat e tyre të ndaluar në Rusinë e Putinit, kjo duket një nismё e lakmueshme. Megjithatë, qëllimet e çmimit pasqyrojnë ato të propagandës kulturore zyrtare ruse dhe injorojnë plotësisht kontekstin e luftës imperialiste të Rusisë kundër Ukrainës. Si rezultat, me vetëdije apo jo, themeluesit e çmimit dhe ekspertët pёrkatёs mbështesin imperializmin rus dhe luftërat koloniale të pushtimit.

L’imposant travail de mesures astronomiques et de cartographie qu’a mené l’Italien Jean Dominique Cassini – dont on fête cette année les 400 ans de la naissance – au tout récent Observatoire royal, à Paris, a donné
à Louis XIV une connaissance bien meilleure du monde et de la France.
L’ESSENTIEL
> En 1669, réputé pour ses travaux d’observation et d’ingénierie pour l’astronomie, Cassini, alors professeur
à Bologne, est appelé à Paris.
> La récente Académie royale des sciences a
lancé la construction d’un « Observatoire » et demande son avis sur le projet.
> Cassini repense les plans
de l’Observatoire royal,
s’y installe et en fait vite
un lieu incontournable pour l’astronomie et la cartographie.
> À l’aide de méthodes plus précises, ses collègues
et lui retracent les contours du monde, l’offrant au roi sous la forme d’un immense parterre géographique.

This paper evaluates Ukraine's June 1st drone operation, "Operation Spider’s Web," which inflicted substantial damage on Russia’s strategic bomber bases and marked a significant tactical achievement. Despite its operational brilliance and symbolic defiance, I argue that the strike constitutes a severe strategic failure for Ukraine. The attack provoked immediate and punishing Russian retaliation, derailed prospects for peace negotiations, and alienated the United States—particularly the Trump administration—thus undermining Ukraine’s diplomatic position and Western support. Moreover, the operation failed to reverse Ukraine's deteriorating battlefield status, as it did not target Russia's most threatening frontline airpower. Instead, it may hasten a more aggressive Russian summer offensive and trigger additional territorial losses. This paper demonstrates that in modern warfare, tactical success without strategic foresight can backfire catastrophically.

The book is a monographic edition of grammatical treatises by Fyodor Polikarpov (c.1670-1731), one of the pleiad of scholarly men of Peter the Great's time. The most famous works of the author are his Slavic Greek-Latin Primer (1701) and Slavic Greek-Latin Lexicon (1704). In the present edition the reader is offered to get acquainted with the grammatical theory of F. Polikarpov. The manuscripts are published for the first time. The edition is preceded by a study by E. Babaeva devoted to the origins of F. Polikarpov's philological concept and its place among the linguistic theories of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The edition is accompanied by two indexes: grammatical terms and lexemes used in grammars as illustrative material. The book provides philologists with a new source of information about the history of Russian linguistics, as well as the linguistic situation of the Petrine period.

Le carte di Nelson Page conservate dalla Book and Manusprict Library presso Duke university rappresentano una preziosa testimonianza delle valutazioni politiche condotte da una classa diplomatica in costante evoluzione e in via di affermazione dal punto di vista internazionale quale quella statunitense. 1 La diplomazia americana, infatti, differentemente da quella europea, non è caratterizzata da un background culturale dove una solida esperienza all'interno dei circuiti internazionali viene affiancato da una comprovata capacità di interpretare con perspicacia l'indirizzo politico del potere esecutivo e della corte del paese in cui si è destinati. L'amministrazione americana seleziona il personale consolare e d'ambasciata secondo canoni del tutto propri: alla collaudata professionalizzazione di un ceto che affronta un apprentissage all'interno della segreteria di stato antepone uno spoils system che premia i grandi elettori e principali sostenitori della campagna presidenziale nominandoli talvolta alla conduzione delle più prestigiose sedi diplomatiche. Di conseguenza, la maggior parte del corpo diplomatico all'inizio del novecento è costituito da businessmen o, in alternativa, da benestanti il cui reddito consente loro di sostenere le onerose spese che comporta la gestione della rappresentanza oltre oceano. L'ambasciatore americano, dunque, non gode di alcun concreto appannaggio da parte del governo federale, salvo pochi e saltuari rimborsi. Ne scaturisce, quindi, un personale piuttosto eccentrico e poco aduso al cerimoniale e all'etichetta tipiche dell'omologo ceto europeo.

This article tackles the allegorical mode of Russian realism using Turgenev’s novella 'Spring Torrents' (1872) and its political implications as a case study. As the authors argue, this deeply intimate story of love and moral fall can be read in the context of the “social imaginary” which, in Turgenev’s manner, is wrapped in motives and symbols correlating to ‘revolutionary’ and ‘reactionary’ discourses. The article shows how this projection emerges in the narration without direct political discourse by the means of allegory. It is this mode that ties together the intimate and the natural and gives Turgenev’s novellas a political dimension, which is obvious in his novels but latent in the novellas and thus opens them up to various sociological interpretations. Employing various theoretical readings of allegory, the authors explain how allegory is built upon and around the subjectivity of Turgenev’s characters, implying concepts such as sexuality and the unconscious, which had not yet been coined as such, but directly influenced future European fiction.