Small quantum computers will soon be available with the capability of performing some computational tasks that are beyond the reach of even the largest classical supercomputers. However, these devices will be noisy, limiting the complexity of the algorithms that they can implement correctly. We present a new quantum algorithm that can calculate the spectrum of complex quantum systems, and show how it may be used to perform useful computations even on the imperfect quantum devices available in the near- future.
The algorithm we have developed - variational quantum deflation - uses a hybrid of both quantum and classical resources to determine the excited state energies of quantum systems. We achieve this at almost no extra cost over the most promising hybrid method for determining ground state energies - the variational quantum eigensolver - by first finding the ground state and then energetically exciting it, allowing the first excited state to be found as the ground state of the new modified system. By repeating this procedure and incorporating techniques to mitigate device errors, our method can determine multiple excited states even on imperfect hardware. Our algorithm is therefore a promising candidate for useful near-term quantum-enhanced computation.

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